本文關(guān)鍵詞： 元朝 薩迦派 地方政權(quán) 體制結(jié)構(gòu)　出處：《西藏民族學(xué)院》2010年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 薩迦地方政權(quán)(1265年—1360年)在藏族歷史上占有非常重要的位置,它是元朝對(duì)藏施政管理中地方上的一個(gè)行政機(jī)構(gòu);其前身是大約13世紀(jì),西藏地方興起的一個(gè)重要教派--薩迦派。該派經(jīng)薩迦“五代祖師”的辛勤開創(chuàng),逐漸成為了一支在藏區(qū)具有強(qiáng)大影響力的勢(shì)力集團(tuán)。1247年,該派的領(lǐng)袖薩班與蒙古上層舉行了具有歷史意義的涼州會(huì)談。通過這次會(huì)談,西藏地方順利歸附蒙古汗國(guó),薩迦派在藏區(qū)的統(tǒng)領(lǐng)地位開始確立。隨著蒙古汗國(guó)的統(tǒng)一,1265年八思巴和其弟奉忽必烈之命返藏籌建西藏地方行政機(jī)構(gòu)--薩迦地方政權(quán),它歷經(jīng)三年得以建立完成。這個(gè)政權(quán)是一個(gè)以薩迦派僧人為最高首領(lǐng)的地方政權(quán),它大體上分兩個(gè)系統(tǒng):以帝師或薩迦座主(薩迦主持)為首的宗教系統(tǒng);以薩迦本欽為首的行政系統(tǒng)。從此,以帝師為首的薩迦寺首任座主組成的宗教系統(tǒng)和薩迦寺“本欽”組成的行政系統(tǒng),結(jié)合在一起成了薩迦地方政權(quán)的首腦和行政長(zhǎng)官。它的形成和建立,也是西藏政教合一制度早期發(fā)展階段的開始。 薩迦地方政權(quán)建立后,在元中央的支持和安排下,通過歷代帝師或本欽的努力,政權(quán)逐步的穩(wěn)定,組織機(jī)構(gòu)得到了進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展和完善,它成為了當(dāng)時(shí)元朝中央管理西藏地方事務(wù)的一支重要力量,也是當(dāng)時(shí)藏區(qū)各個(gè)教派勢(shì)力的最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)構(gòu)。在歷史上存在的一百多年,它堅(jiān)定地執(zhí)行元中央在藏區(qū)的大小施政方針,積極地履行自己的職責(zé)和義務(wù)。 薩迦政權(quán)在第六任薩迦寺座主達(dá)尼欽波桑波貝時(shí)走向了鼎盛,此時(shí),薩迦派的勢(shì)力基本上控制了整個(gè)衛(wèi)藏地區(qū)。這時(shí)期西藏地區(qū)實(shí)現(xiàn)了社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定、經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展、文化的繁榮。藏區(qū)原本割據(jù)的勢(shì)力在薩迦政權(quán)的統(tǒng)一安排和調(diào)配下,進(jìn)行著各自的建設(shè)和發(fā)展。經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間的興盛期,到14世紀(jì)初,隨著元朝的衰敗和對(duì)其支持力的減弱,它逐漸的走向了衰落,其獨(dú)特的組織形式和制定的一系列規(guī)章制度遭到了破壞。在達(dá)尼欽波桑波貝的晚年,薩迦派由來(lái)已久所積蓄的內(nèi)外矛盾終于爆發(fā),……于是在復(fù)雜多變的歷史背景下,身為大元帝師貢嘎羅追堅(jiān)贊將薩迦地方政權(quán)分成細(xì)脫、仁欽崗、拉康以及都卻等四個(gè)拉章給自己的異母兄弟,從此薩迦政權(quán)開始解體。最終在元朝末年(1360年),元順帝賜給帕竹首領(lǐng)絳求堅(jiān)贊象征地方權(quán)力的虎紐印章。①這標(biāo)志著帕竹地方政權(quán)的崛起和薩迦政權(quán)的衰亡。 分裂后的薩迦政權(quán),政治上失勢(shì),偏安一隅,但是它仍然是后藏地區(qū)不可小覷的一支政教力量,仍保留薩迦政權(quán)的組織特點(diǎn)。元末明初,薩迦法王權(quán)勢(shì)被噶舉派奪取,其勢(shì)力逐漸衰弱,但教派的傳承始終沒有停止。后來(lái)薩迦派分裂的四個(gè)拉章中其中的三支絕嗣,只留下都卻拉章一支,這支拉章一直延續(xù)至今。 薩迦地方政權(quán)的建立盡管未從根本上結(jié)束藏區(qū)各個(gè)教派多元、分散的政治格局,但是卻為結(jié)束長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)藏區(qū)各個(gè)教派互不統(tǒng)屬、相互內(nèi)斗的局面開了好頭,也使割據(jù)的教派勢(shì)力能夠在一個(gè)兼容并蓄、機(jī)構(gòu)完整的政教機(jī)構(gòu)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下發(fā)展和進(jìn)步;它在歷史上存在的一百年,積極的發(fā)揮著自身建設(shè)作用,這為當(dāng)時(shí)乃至后世朝代的政治、宗教、文化等方面起到了不可估量的影響。它一定程度上解放和促進(jìn)了藏區(qū)生產(chǎn)力的向前發(fā)展。由它所主導(dǎo)的政教合一制的“雛形”隨著后世不斷地完善,這為后來(lái)西藏地方上實(shí)現(xiàn)真正意義和范圍內(nèi)上的政教合一制奠定了基礎(chǔ),對(duì)后來(lái)西藏行政體制的建設(shè)產(chǎn)生了十分重大的影響;當(dāng)然,它在歷史上起到的積極作用我們應(yīng)給與充分肯定,對(duì)其消極的影響我們也應(yīng)有所認(rèn)識(shí)。 通過研究這段歷史就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn):薩迦政權(quán)自身的建立始終依靠的是中央王朝的扶持,一旦元朝衰落,它也逃脫不了衰亡的命運(yùn)。本論文將以辨證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義為指導(dǎo),在廣泛收集國(guó)內(nèi)、外及藏、漢文資料的基礎(chǔ)上,利用文獻(xiàn)引用法和對(duì)比研究法,對(duì)西藏薩迦地方政權(quán)進(jìn)行初步的探析。
[Abstract]:The local government (1265 - 1360) occupies a very important position in the Tibetan history, it is the Yuan Dynasty to an administrative agency in the management of the local Tibetan policy; its predecessor is Tibet about thirteenth Century, the rise of an important place. The Sakya sect: sent by Sakya "five generation patriarch" hard to create and gradually become a powerful force in Tibet group.1247, the faction leader Sarbanes and Mongolia top held a historic meeting in Liangzhou. Through this meeting, Tibet successfully joined the Khanate of Mongolia, Sakya began to establish the position of command in Tibetan inhabited areas. With the unification of Mongolia khanate, 1265 eight Si Ba and his brother Kublai's orders to Tibet to build local administrative institutions in Tibet -- Sakya local regime, it took three years to build. This regime is a supreme leader of the Sakya monks The local government, it is roughly divided into two systems: the emperor teacher or principal (Sakya Sakya seat chair) led by the religious system; administrative system led by Shakya Ben Cin. From then on, the emperor division led by the first main composition of the Sakya Sakya Monastery "religious system and administrative system composed of Ben Qin", combined with the as the local government of the Sakya leader and chief executive. Its formation and establishment, but also to Tibet and began the early stages of development of the system.
The local regime, the yuan central support and arrangement, through the ancient emperors or Ben Qin efforts, power gradually stable, the organization has been further developed and perfected, it has become an important force in the Tibet when the central management of local affairs, the supreme leadership body was the Tibetan sect forces. In the history of more than 100 years, it firmly implement the central element in the size of the Tibetan policy, actively fulfill their duties and obligations.
Sakya Sakya Monastery as main Daniqin sang Burbage in sixth when the wave to the peak, the Sagya basically controlled the forces of the whole Tibetan area in Tibet. This period of social stability, economic development, cultural prosperity. The Tibetan separatist forces in the original unified arrangement and deployment of Sakya under the construction and development of their prosperity. After a period of time period, until the beginning of fourteenth Century, with the decline of the Yuan Dynasty and the decreased support force, it gradually declined, its unique form of organization and formulated a series of rules and regulations have been destroyed. In Daniqin wave sang Burbage later, Sakya has had long-standing internal and external contradictions finally broke out. So in the complex historical background, as the Yuan emperor teacher Gongga Luo Gyaltsen will chase Sakya local regime into fine removal, Lacan and eqin gang. The four chapter is drawn to his half brother, since Sakya began to disintegrate. Eventually in the Yuan Dynasty (1360), the Emperor gave phachu leader Jiang Gyaltsen for symbol of local power. The new tiger seal which marks the rise of the local government of the phachu and Sakya decline.
After splitting the Sakya, political power, a part of the country, but it is still a political force after Tibet should not be overlooked, still retains characteristics of Sakya. Yuanmomingchu, Sakya king power was seized the Kagyu, forces gradually weakened, but the religious heritage has never stopped. Three ended in four pull a later chapter in the Sakya division, leaving all but pull a chapter, pull the chapter continues today.
The local regime established despite not fundamentally over Tibetan sect pluralism, political pattern scattered, but for a long time in the end of all denominations do not belong to the system, the situation in fighting each other to open a good start, the separatist sectarian forces can in a compatible and build, complete the leadership of political institutions under development and progress; it exists in the history of one hundred years, the positive role of self construction, it is at that time and even the later dynasties political, religious, cultural and other aspects played an inestimable effect. It is to some extent and promote the development of Tibetan liberation productivity. It dominated by the theocratic system the "prototype" with future generations continuously improve, which laid the foundation for the later implementation of Tibet local theocratic system the real meaning and scope of the later construction of administrative system in Tibet to produce Of course, its positive role in history, of course, should be fully affirmed, and we should be aware of its negative effects.
Through the study of this period of history will find: the establishment of Sakya itself is always rely on the support of the central government, once the decline, it also can not escape the fate of death. This paper takes the dialectical materialism and historical materialism, in the extensive collection of domestic and abroad, based on the data of Tibetan, Chinese, use Citation Method and comparative research method, the preliminary analysis on Tibet Sagya local authorities.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西藏民族學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：K297

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本文編號(hào)：1463264