發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-06-22 15:23

【摘要】：軍事演習(xí)的產(chǎn)生是近代西方軍事變革過程中軍隊(duì)編制、武器及戰(zhàn)術(shù)訓(xùn)練等日益完善的必然結(jié)果。近代以來,受西方軍事沖擊之影響,晚清陸軍經(jīng)歷了軍事技術(shù)到軍事制度的變革。清末十年新政之軍制改革成效最著,清政府鑄造之新式陸軍為清末陸軍軍事訓(xùn)練革新提供了新載體。會(huì)操是清末新軍軍事訓(xùn)練的高級階段,實(shí)為中國陸軍軍事演習(xí)之濫觴。目前學(xué)界對新軍會(huì)操這一課題研究尚處于薄弱環(huán)節(jié),本文以清末新軍會(huì)操為研究對象,試圖從制度史、現(xiàn)代化等多視角動(dòng)態(tài)考察晚清軍事轉(zhuǎn)型語境下新軍會(huì)操之內(nèi)涵與外延。 17世紀(jì)至19世紀(jì)末,西方軍事變革浪潮催生了軍事演習(xí)并使之制度化；同時(shí)期,中國舊式陸軍在西學(xué)東漸背景下經(jīng)歷了軍事技術(shù)到軍事制度的緩慢變革。甲午戰(zhàn)前,八旗、綠營或防、練軍武器裝備西化并未引發(fā)軍事訓(xùn)練的實(shí)質(zhì)變革。甲午戰(zhàn)后,新建陸軍、自強(qiáng)軍及湖北護(hù)軍等新式軍隊(duì)試練成軍,其內(nèi)部機(jī)制的現(xiàn)代化特征彰顯了軍事訓(xùn)練革新之必要,袁世凱、張之洞開始將軍事對抗演習(xí)引入新軍軍事訓(xùn)練實(shí)踐過程。清末新式陸軍普練,從廣度和深度上推動(dòng)中國陸軍早期現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程。清政府效仿西方、日本陸軍軍事演習(xí)籌辦新軍會(huì)操,北洋六鎮(zhèn)及奉天、江蘇等省新軍陸續(xù)開展訓(xùn)練性會(huì)操或校閱性會(huì)操,使之成為新軍軍事訓(xùn)練的高級階段。清末新軍大會(huì)操發(fā)軔于河間會(huì)操(1905年),繼之籌辦彰德會(huì)操(1906年),這是集校閱性和訓(xùn)練性為一體的大型諸兵種軍事演習(xí)。1907—-1911年間,除太湖秋操(1908年)、永平秋操(1911年)因爆發(fā)革命中斷外,其余三年停辦大會(huì)操。大會(huì)操籌備、實(shí)施過程中形塑而成新軍大會(huì)操制度。中央練兵處(后為陸軍部、軍諮府)和地方督練公所是籌辦大會(huì)操的軍事領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)構(gòu)。大會(huì)操籌備階段,練兵處(后為陸軍部、軍諮府)負(fù)責(zé)新軍編制、頒發(fā)大會(huì)操條令、設(shè)立大會(huì)操導(dǎo)演機(jī)構(gòu)等；會(huì)同督練公所勘測和規(guī)劃操地、動(dòng)員新軍等。大會(huì)操實(shí)施階段,閱兵處是新軍會(huì)操的總導(dǎo)演機(jī)構(gòu),閱兵大臣全權(quán)負(fù)責(zé)大會(huì)操事宜；新軍大會(huì)操實(shí)施程序包括諸兵種會(huì)操和閱兵式兩部分。 清末新軍會(huì)操體現(xiàn)了中國陸軍現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程的一個(gè)截面,需要從多個(gè)角度綜合考察。新軍會(huì)操呈現(xiàn)出晚清軍事轉(zhuǎn)型期的多樣化特征。新軍大會(huì)操是高度綜合的大型軍事演習(xí),受制于清末財(cái)政、政治及革命因素而一度中輟。新軍會(huì)操作為軍事訓(xùn)練的新舉措和新思路,提升和改善了新軍建設(shè)成就。新軍大會(huì)操制度奠定了中國陸軍軍事演習(xí)之基,影響深遠(yuǎn)。
[Abstract]:The development of the military exercises is the inevitable result of the development of the army, the weapon and the tactics training in the course of modern western military reform. Since the modern times, the Army of the late Qing Dynasty experienced the change of the military technology to the military system. The reform of the military system in the last ten years of the late Qing Dynasty is the most effective, and the new army of the Qing government has provided a new carrier for the reform of the army military training in the late Qing Dynasty. It is the high stage of the military training of the new army in the end of the Qing Dynasty, and it is the platitude of the military exercises of the Chinese army. At present, the research of the new army's operation of the new army is still in the weak link. This paper attempts to study the connotation and the extension of the new army's operation in the context of the military transformation in the late Qing Dynasty from the view of system history, modernization and so on. At the end of the 17th and the end of the 19th century, the wave of western military reform has led to the military exercises and the institutionalization of the military exercises. In the same period, the old-style army of China experienced the gradual change of the military technology to the military system in the background of the west. No change in military training is caused by the westernization of the eight-flag, the green camp or the defense-and-training-in-the-military equipment before the day of the Sino-Japanese War. The modern characteristics of the internal mechanism of the new army, the army of the new army, the army of self-improvement and the armed forces of Hubei are the necessary for the reform of military training. Yuan Shikai, Zhang Zhidong, began to introduce the military confrontation exercise into the military training of the new army. Cheng, the new army of the late Qing Dynasty, promoted the early modernization of the Chinese Army from the breadth and depth The Qing government will follow the western and Japanese army exercises to prepare the new army's meeting, and the new army in the six towns of Beiyang and Fengtian, Jiangsu and other provinces will carry out the training exercises or the reading performance to make it a higher order of the military training of the new army. In that end of the end of the end of the end of the end of the end of the end of the end of the end of the end of the end of the end of the end of the year, the Cao Cao Cao Cao (in 1905), followed by the preparation of the Cao Cao Cao Cao (1906), was a large-scale military exercise in which the school and the train were integrated. During the period of 1907-1911, in addition to the fall of the Taihu Lake (1908), the autumn operation of Yongping (1911) was interrupted by the outbreak of the revolution. In addition, the rest of the three-year suspension of the General Assembly Cao Cao, in the preparation and implementation of the operation, was made up of the new army of the new army. Degree. The Central Military Training Service (hereinafter referred to as the Army Department, the Military Office) and the local supervision and training office are the military leaders for the preparation of the operation and operation. In the preparatory phase of the operation, the training service (hereinafter referred to as the Army Department and the Military Administrative Department) is responsible for the preparation of the new army, the issuance of the operation order, the establishment of the operation director, and the like; and in conjunction with the supervision and practice of the survey and planning, the new army shall be mobilized. At the stage of the operation, the military parade is the general director of the new army, and the minister of the military parade is solely responsible for the operation of the army. The implementation procedure of the new army is composed of the soldiers and the military parade. In that end of the end of the end of the end of the end of the Qing dynasty, the operation of the new army embody a section of the modernization process of the Chinese army. On the basis of the investigation, the new army will present various kinds of military transformation in the late Qing Dynasty. The new army is a highly integrated large-scale military exercise, which is subject to the financial, political and revolutionary factors at the end of the Qing Dynasty. The new army will operate as new measures and new ideas for military training, improve and improve the construction of the new army Let's set up achievements. The new system of the new army laid the foundation and shadow of the Chinese army's military exercises.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K252

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