民初陸軍部研究（1912-1916）
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-06-22 12:09
【摘要】：20世紀(jì)初是一個(gè)劇變和動(dòng)蕩的時(shí)代,中華民國(guó)政府為了鞏固政治統(tǒng)治,提高政府的行政效能,以應(yīng)付來(lái)自國(guó)內(nèi)外的沖擊與挑戰(zhàn),依據(jù)西方三權(quán)分立的政治理念,組建了責(zé)任內(nèi)閣制政府(此后袁世凱將其改為總統(tǒng)制)，，以陸軍部為國(guó)家最高管理陸軍行政機(jī)構(gòu),行使獨(dú)立的軍政管理權(quán)。 本文以民國(guó)初期(1912—1916)陸軍部為考察對(duì)象,以建立現(xiàn)代化國(guó)防為切入點(diǎn),通過(guò)對(duì)陸軍部的沿革、組織職權(quán)、制度運(yùn)行、職員構(gòu)成及各項(xiàng)圍繞國(guó)防現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的軍事活動(dòng)展開(kāi)考察,論述陸軍部制度變遷與實(shí)際運(yùn)作,責(zé)任內(nèi)閣制和總統(tǒng)制下陸軍部的職權(quán)與地位,陸軍部與其他部院之間的關(guān)系。分析陸軍部在制度創(chuàng)新方面的成績(jī)，制度設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)際運(yùn)行中的差距,探討產(chǎn)生差距的深層次原因,并對(duì)民初陸軍部績(jī)效予以較為客觀的評(píng)估。 本文認(rèn)為,陸軍部是近代中國(guó)從傳統(tǒng)向現(xiàn)代轉(zhuǎn)型過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展起來(lái)的軍事行政機(jī)構(gòu),既帶有濃厚的傳統(tǒng)色彩,又具有明顯的現(xiàn)代性。民國(guó)初年,陸軍部在制度創(chuàng)新上取得了顯著的成績(jī),不僅創(chuàng)設(shè)了具有現(xiàn)代意義上的軍銜、撫恤、征兵及財(cái)務(wù)審核等各項(xiàng)制度,而且還以西方科層制理論為原則,建立具有現(xiàn)代特征的人事管理制度。圍繞在建立現(xiàn)代國(guó)防前提下的裁遣軍隊(duì)、軍事教育、整編軍隊(duì)等軍事活動(dòng),都獲得不俗成績(jī)。 然而,良好的主觀動(dòng)機(jī)往往受到客觀條件的制約,陸軍部出臺(tái)各種制度預(yù)期與實(shí)際效果之間存在差距。這是因?yàn)槊癯跽众汴?陸軍部作為掌管全國(guó)陸軍的最高行政機(jī)構(gòu),在鎮(zhèn)壓“二次革命”、“白朗起義”、“護(hù)國(guó)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”等三次大規(guī)模戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中,陸軍部大范圍用兵,歷時(shí)經(jīng)年,損耗至巨。且陸軍部在各種外來(lái)因素的干涉下,難以納入正常軌道。另外,民初地方勢(shì)力坐大,使陸軍部在行使地方軍事管理權(quán)時(shí)處于尷尬境地。概言之,民初政局和轉(zhuǎn)型社會(huì)等不利因素,極大地削弱陸軍部的成績(jī)。 盡管如此,民初陸軍部在軍事機(jī)構(gòu)建設(shè)與制度設(shè)計(jì)中的創(chuàng)新及各項(xiàng)軍事活動(dòng),在近代中國(guó)構(gòu)建國(guó)防現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中仍占有重要地位。不僅對(duì)民初政府的統(tǒng)治產(chǎn)生了積極影響,而且為此后軍事管理機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)立和國(guó)防事業(yè)的建設(shè)積累了豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
[Abstract]:The beginning of the 20th century is an era of upheaval and upheaval. In order to consolidate political rule and improve the administrative efficiency of the government, in order to cope with the impact and challenges from home and abroad, according to the political concept of the separation of powers in the West, the responsible cabinet government was formed (Yuan Shikai changed it into a presidential system), and the Ministry of the Army was used as the highest administrative organ of the state to exercise independent military and political management. Taking the army department in the early period of the Republic of China (1912 / 1916) as the object of investigation, and taking the establishment of modern national defense as the starting point, this paper discusses the institutional change and actual operation of the army department, the power and status of the army department under the responsibility cabinet system and the presidential system, and the relationship between the army department and other departments through the investigation of the evolution of the army department, the organization of power, the system operation, the composition of the staff and various military activities around the modernization of national defense. This paper analyzes the achievements of the army department in institutional innovation, the gap between the system design and the actual operation, probes into the deep-seated reasons for the gap, and makes an objective evaluation of the performance of the army department at the beginning of the Republic of China. This paper holds that the Ministry of military Affairs is a military administrative organization produced and developed in the process of the transformation from traditional to modern in modern China, which not only has a strong traditional color, but also has obvious modernization. In the early years of the Republic of China, the Ministry of military Affairs made remarkable achievements in institutional innovation. It not only created military ranks, compassionate, conscription and financial audit systems in the modern sense, but also established a personnel management system with modern characteristics based on the western hierarchical theory. Around the establishment of modern national defense under the premise of the army, military education, the integration of the army and other military activities, have achieved good results. However, good subjective motivation is often restricted by objective conditions, and there is a gap between the expectation of various systems issued by the Ministry of Army and the actual effect. This is because in the early days of the people's Republic of China, the Ministry of the Army, as the highest administrative organ in charge of the national army, used troops on a large scale during the suppression of three large-scale wars, such as the "second Revolution," the "Bailang uprising," and the "War of protecting the country." And under the interference of various external factors, it is difficult for the Ministry of the Army to be included in the normal track. In addition, at the beginning of the Republic of China, the local forces were in an awkward position when exercising local military management power. In short, the political situation and transitional society at the beginning of the Republic of China and other unfavorable factors, greatly weakened the performance of the Ministry of the Army. Nevertheless, the innovation and various military activities of the Ministry of Army in the construction and system design of military institutions in the early Republic of China still played an important role in the process of building national defense modernization in modern China. It not only had a positive impact on the rule of the government in the early Republic of China, but also accumulated rich experience for the establishment of military management institutions and the construction of national defense cause since then.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K258.19
[Abstract]:The beginning of the 20th century is an era of upheaval and upheaval. In order to consolidate political rule and improve the administrative efficiency of the government, in order to cope with the impact and challenges from home and abroad, according to the political concept of the separation of powers in the West, the responsible cabinet government was formed (Yuan Shikai changed it into a presidential system), and the Ministry of the Army was used as the highest administrative organ of the state to exercise independent military and political management. Taking the army department in the early period of the Republic of China (1912 / 1916) as the object of investigation, and taking the establishment of modern national defense as the starting point, this paper discusses the institutional change and actual operation of the army department, the power and status of the army department under the responsibility cabinet system and the presidential system, and the relationship between the army department and other departments through the investigation of the evolution of the army department, the organization of power, the system operation, the composition of the staff and various military activities around the modernization of national defense. This paper analyzes the achievements of the army department in institutional innovation, the gap between the system design and the actual operation, probes into the deep-seated reasons for the gap, and makes an objective evaluation of the performance of the army department at the beginning of the Republic of China. This paper holds that the Ministry of military Affairs is a military administrative organization produced and developed in the process of the transformation from traditional to modern in modern China, which not only has a strong traditional color, but also has obvious modernization. In the early years of the Republic of China, the Ministry of military Affairs made remarkable achievements in institutional innovation. It not only created military ranks, compassionate, conscription and financial audit systems in the modern sense, but also established a personnel management system with modern characteristics based on the western hierarchical theory. Around the establishment of modern national defense under the premise of the army, military education, the integration of the army and other military activities, have achieved good results. However, good subjective motivation is often restricted by objective conditions, and there is a gap between the expectation of various systems issued by the Ministry of Army and the actual effect. This is because in the early days of the people's Republic of China, the Ministry of the Army, as the highest administrative organ in charge of the national army, used troops on a large scale during the suppression of three large-scale wars, such as the "second Revolution," the "Bailang uprising," and the "War of protecting the country." And under the interference of various external factors, it is difficult for the Ministry of the Army to be included in the normal track. In addition, at the beginning of the Republic of China, the local forces were in an awkward position when exercising local military management power. In short, the political situation and transitional society at the beginning of the Republic of China and other unfavorable factors, greatly weakened the performance of the Ministry of the Army. Nevertheless, the innovation and various military activities of the Ministry of Army in the construction and system design of military institutions in the early Republic of China still played an important role in the process of building national defense modernization in modern China. It not only had a positive impact on the rule of the government in the early Republic of China, but also accumulated rich experience for the establishment of military management institutions and the construction of national defense cause since then.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K258.19
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