【摘要】：在長期的革命實(shí)踐和西方政黨政治潮流及蘇俄體制的影響下,中國國民黨總理孫中山逐漸形成了一套關(guān)于國家政體和民主進(jìn)程的頗有特色的訓(xùn)政構(gòu)想,這一訓(xùn)政構(gòu)想為蔣介石為首的國民政府訓(xùn)政體制的形成奠定了理論基礎(chǔ)。1928年6月,南京國民政府在形式上完成了對中國的統(tǒng)一后,對外發(fā)表宣言,宣布結(jié)束“軍政”,實(shí)行“訓(xùn)政”。此后,在“以黨治國”的原則下,在國民政府中,逐步建立起行政院、立法院、司法院、考試院和監(jiān)察院五院為基礎(chǔ)的訓(xùn)政體制。然而,國民黨標(biāo)榜按孫中山建國理論所建立的訓(xùn)政體制,卻與孫中山的訓(xùn)政構(gòu)想有本質(zhì)區(qū)別。以蔣介石為首的國民黨摒棄了孫中山主權(quán)在民的進(jìn)步思想內(nèi)核,在訓(xùn)政的名義下,把政權(quán)和治權(quán)全部控制在國民黨的手中,剝奪了人民的權(quán)利,使國民黨的權(quán)力滲透到社會(huì)生活的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域,逐步變成了國民黨一黨專政的獨(dú)裁統(tǒng)治,特別是隨著蔣介石個(gè)人權(quán)力的不斷擴(kuò)大,這種訓(xùn)政體制又逐漸成為蔣介石個(gè)人獨(dú)裁統(tǒng)治的工具。 抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期國民政府的政治體制基本延續(xù)著這種訓(xùn)政體制,但由于抗日戰(zhàn)爭的的爆發(fā)使得原有的體制發(fā)生了深刻的變化,具有鮮明的特征。 抗日戰(zhàn)爭全面爆發(fā)后,為了適應(yīng)戰(zhàn)爭的需要,國家權(quán)力需要高度集中和統(tǒng)一,以便協(xié)調(diào)一致、統(tǒng)一步調(diào),戰(zhàn)勝日本帝國主義,取得戰(zhàn)爭的勝利。與此同時(shí),在民族危亡的情勢下,中國共產(chǎn)黨和各民主黨派、各族各界人民以抗戰(zhàn)大局為重,以民族大義為重,捐棄前嫌,紛紛提出擁護(hù)國民黨、國民政府和蔣介石領(lǐng)導(dǎo)抗戰(zhàn),出現(xiàn)了全民抗戰(zhàn)的局面。全國的各種政治力量、軍事力量和全國人民被納入到國民政府的統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)之下,也為國民政府整合政治力量提供了一個(gè)契機(jī)。在這種情況下,蔣介石為首的國民政府在原有的以黨治國和五院制的訓(xùn)政體制下,利用這個(gè)特殊的環(huán)境,從1938年召開臨時(shí)全國代表大會(huì)開始,通過對國民黨總裁制的確認(rèn)、軍事委員會(huì)的改組、黨政軍一體化的國防最高委員會(huì)的建立以及國民政府的改制等政權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)的頻行調(diào)整,逐漸形成了高度集權(quán)的戰(zhàn)時(shí)體制。這種戰(zhàn)時(shí)體制的集權(quán)程度不僅發(fā)展到歷史的最高點(diǎn),蔣介石的個(gè)人集權(quán)也達(dá)到了最高峰。 幾經(jīng)調(diào)整形成的戰(zhàn)時(shí)集權(quán)體制,在組織上最終實(shí)現(xiàn)了全國政治過程的高度一體化。然而,這一權(quán)力的末端卻是通過傳統(tǒng)宗法關(guān)系與整個(gè)社會(huì)銜接起來的,在中國這樣一個(gè)人口眾多的大國,要把整個(gè)國家政權(quán)的決策貫徹到社會(huì)底層,達(dá)到對社會(huì)的高度動(dòng)員,僅僅通過這種聯(lián)系顯然難以達(dá)到預(yù)期的效果。為此,國民政府采取了一系列的措施,通過強(qiáng)化國民黨意識形態(tài)的宣傳,開展國民精神總動(dòng)員運(yùn)動(dòng),控制社會(huì)團(tuán)體強(qiáng)化思想統(tǒng)一及其擴(kuò)大國民黨特務(wù)組織機(jī)構(gòu)等措施,強(qiáng)化了集權(quán)體制對整個(gè)社會(huì)的政治整合。 在推行戰(zhàn)時(shí)集權(quán)體制的過程中,蔣介石為首的國民政府首先是通過調(diào)整各級黨政關(guān)系,擴(kuò)大國民黨組織規(guī)模及組建三青團(tuán)等措施加強(qiáng)國民黨在其政權(quán)體系中的地位和作用。其次,為了提高集權(quán)體制的效能,又從現(xiàn)代政制運(yùn)行規(guī)則的角度采取了實(shí)行行政三聯(lián)制和分層負(fù)責(zé)制,推行新縣制以及調(diào)整和擴(kuò)充監(jiān)察制度等一系列措施,力圖把國民政府的龐大權(quán)力系統(tǒng)建成高效率運(yùn)行、反應(yīng)靈敏的中央集權(quán)制政權(quán),然而這些努力并未達(dá)到預(yù)期目的。 無論是集權(quán)還是民主體制的國家,在大敵當(dāng)前之際,都會(huì)做出集權(quán)和開放的兩種政治姿態(tài),集權(quán)是為了保證國家政治統(tǒng)治的高效運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),開放則是為了容納各方勢力,增強(qiáng)團(tuán)結(jié),這一政治現(xiàn)象是統(tǒng)治集團(tuán)利益與國家利益協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一的結(jié)果�？箲�(zhàn)爆發(fā)后,以蔣介石為首的國民政府在建立起高度集權(quán)的政治體制的同時(shí),為了動(dòng)員全民抗戰(zhàn),也有限度的讓出部分政治資源,使戰(zhàn)時(shí)國民政府的政治體制中呈現(xiàn)出了相對民主化的趨勢。戰(zhàn)時(shí)國民政府政治體制相對民主化趨勢的重要表現(xiàn)就是國民黨組建了國民參政會(huì)和各級臨時(shí)參議會(huì),尤其是國民參政會(huì)的建立,適應(yīng)了全中國人民渴望實(shí)現(xiàn)政治民主,實(shí)現(xiàn)全民族抗戰(zhàn)的要求。國民參政會(huì)盡管只是一個(gè)咨詢機(jī)構(gòu),不具有實(shí)權(quán),但從條文及實(shí)踐的過程看,國民參政會(huì)也并非一個(gè)獨(dú)裁政治的騙人招牌,它雖然不是全權(quán)的人民代表機(jī)構(gòu),但在許多問題上也成為監(jiān)督國民政府行政運(yùn)作的重要機(jī)構(gòu),成為各黨派社團(tuán)自由發(fā)表政見的論壇,發(fā)揮了團(tuán)結(jié)全國軍民,堅(jiān)持全民族抗戰(zhàn),反對妥協(xié)投降,堅(jiān)持抗日民族統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線,維護(hù)國共合作團(tuán)結(jié)抗戰(zhàn)大局的作用�？贾T南京政府統(tǒng)治中國的22年,此時(shí)期也是其政治體制上最“開放”、最“民主”的時(shí)期。 抗日戰(zhàn)爭是一場全民族的解放戰(zhàn)爭,中國人民經(jīng)過艱苦卓絕的斗爭,最終迎來了勝利,這種勝利的獲得不僅是中國人民的積極努力與浴血奮戰(zhàn),而且與國民政府戰(zhàn)時(shí)政治體制的實(shí)行也有著十分密切的關(guān)系。國民政府戰(zhàn)時(shí)政治體制的兩方面,對抗戰(zhàn)勝利都有一定的積極作用,但同時(shí)也存在著嚴(yán)重的弱點(diǎn)和消極影響。我們在評價(jià)國民政府的戰(zhàn)時(shí)政治體制時(shí),應(yīng)該本著實(shí)事求是的態(tài)度。與此同時(shí),這種戰(zhàn)時(shí)條件下形成的政治體制,對戰(zhàn)后中國的歷史進(jìn)程也產(chǎn)生了極其深遠(yuǎn)的影響。 本文旨在通過對抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期國民政府的政治體制本身的特征及演變進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究,從現(xiàn)代政制運(yùn)行規(guī)則的角度對抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期國民政府推進(jìn)戰(zhàn)時(shí)政制采取的措施及其效果進(jìn)行深入探討,對這一時(shí)期國民政府戰(zhàn)時(shí)體制中的民主化趨勢進(jìn)行具體考察,從而揭示出國民政府走向衰敗的深層原因。 南京國民政府戰(zhàn)時(shí)政治體制是抗日戰(zhàn)爭時(shí)期社會(huì)歷史條件的產(chǎn)物。國民黨、國民政府、蔣介石的政治威望也在這一時(shí)期達(dá)到了最鼎盛的程度,國家政治體制一度出現(xiàn)了民主的曙光。但是,國民黨、國民政府沒有充分利用這些有利的政治資源,沒有把握住這一歷史的機(jī)遇,而是在其政治威望最鼎盛時(shí)機(jī),利用其掌控的國家權(quán)力堅(jiān)持一黨專政,頑固地堅(jiān)持所謂的法統(tǒng),置中國共產(chǎn)黨和各民主黨派、各族各界的民主要求于不顧,從而也失去了其統(tǒng)治的社會(huì)基礎(chǔ),把中國共產(chǎn)黨、各民主黨派中的絕大多數(shù)力量推向自己的反面。最終,使自身的統(tǒng)治葬身在人民革命戰(zhàn)爭的汪洋大海之中。 總之,抗日戰(zhàn)爭時(shí)期國民政府政治體制運(yùn)行的實(shí)踐證明:一方面,國家政權(quán)的握有者只要能夠真正從國家、民族、人民的利益出發(fā),實(shí)行民主、抗戰(zhàn),其政治威望就會(huì)空前提高,其統(tǒng)治就會(huì)得到人民的擁護(hù);另一方面,不管你手中有多么廣大的政治資源,握有多么強(qiáng)大的政治權(quán)力,只要你背離了國家、民族和人民的利益,忽視各黨派、各族各界的合理訴求,就會(huì)遭到廣泛的反對,遭到人民的唾棄。
[Abstract]:Under the influence of the long-term revolutionary practice and the political power of the western party and the Soviet-Russian system, Sun Yat-sen of the Chinese Kuomintang, Sun Yat-sen, gradually formed a set of new ideas on the national system of government and the democratic process. This precepts laid a theoretical foundation for the formation of the political system of the national government led by Chiang Kai-shek. In June,1928, the National Government of Nanjing completed the unification of China, issued a declaration to the outside world, and announced the conclusion of the "military affairs" and the introduction of the "to take a good command". After that, under the principle of the "to run a country with the Party", in the national government, the system of the administration, the legislature, the court, the examination institute and the five-court of the supervisory hospital is gradually established. However, the Kuomintang list is based on Sun Yat-sen's theory of state-building, but it is fundamentally different from Sun Yat-sen's thought of the rule of law. The Kuomintang, led by Chiang Kai-shek, abandoned Sun Yat-sen's ideological core of the progress of the people, and under the name of the precepts, the power and the right of administration were all controlled in the hands of the Kuomintang, and the rights of the people were denied, and the power of the Kuomintang was made into various fields of social life. The gradual transformation into the dictatorship of the Kuomintang's one-party dictatorship, especially with the expansion of the individual power of Chiang Kai-shek, has gradually become the tool of Chiang Kai-shek's personal dictatorship. During the Anti-Japanese War, the political system of the national government is basically the continuation of this system, but because of the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, the original system has changed deeply, and it has a bright future. In order to meet the needs of the war, the national power needs to be highly centralized and unified in order to meet the needs of the war. At the same time, under the circumstances of the national crisis, the Communist Party of China and the democratic parties, the people of all circles of the various ethnic groups, in the interests of the overall situation of the Anti-Japanese War, and the people of all walks of life, put forward the anti-Japanese war against the Kuomintang, the National Government and the Chiang Kai-shek, and all the people The situation of the Anti-Japanese War. The various political forces, military forces and the people of the whole country are integrated under the unified leadership of the National Government and also provided for the political power of the national government. In such a case, the National Government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, took advantage of this special environment under the existing system of the administration of the country and the five-court system, and began the convening of the National Congress of the Kuomintang in 1938, through the confirmation of the President of the Kuomintang, and the Military Commission The reorganization of the members, the establishment of the National Defense Supreme Council of the Party and the Party and the integration of the party and the army, and the frequency adjustment of the political and power organs such as the reform of the national government gradually form a highly centralized The degree of centralization of such wartime system not only develops to the highest point of history, but also the centralization of Chiang Kai-shek's individual. By the time of the time of the time of war, the system of time of war, which has been adjusted to form, finally realized the national politics. The process is highly integrated. However, the end of this power is connected with the whole society through the traditional patriarchal relationship. In such a large populous country, the decision-making of the whole country's power is to be carried out to the bottom of the society. The high mobilization of society, through such a link, is clearly difficult. In order to achieve the expected effect, the National Government has taken a series of measures to strengthen the propaganda of the Kuomintang's ideology, to carry out the general mobilization of the national spirit, to control the social groups to strengthen the ideological unity and to expand the Kuomintang. The organization of the organization and other measures to strengthen the centralized system to the whole In the course of the system of time-of-war centralization, the national government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, was first to strengthen the Kuomintang's formation by adjusting the relationship between the Party and government at all levels, expanding the scale of the Kuomintang's organization and the formation of a group of three groups. Second, in order to improve the efficiency of the centralized system, the system of the system of modern political system has taken a series of measures, such as the administration of the triple system of administration and the system of layered responsibility, the introduction of the new county system, the adjustment and extension of the supervision system, and the great efforts of the national government. The system of power has established a highly efficient, responsive and centralized regime, however, Some of the efforts did not achieve the intended purpose. The state of a centralized or democratic system, in the current time of the enemy, will be centralized and open in two political positions, centralized in order to ensure the efficient operation of the country's political rule and to be open In ord to accommodate that forces of the parties and to enhance unity, this political phenomenon is the ruling group. The result of the unity of the interests and the national interests. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, the National Government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, has set up a highly centralized political system, and at the same time, in order to mobilize the whole people's anti-Japanese war, it also has the limited political resources to make the political body of the wartime national government The trend of relative democratization is presented in the system. The important performance of the relative democratization of the political system of the national government in wartime is that the Kuomintang has set up the National Council of the National People's Congress and the Provisional Legislative Council at all levels, in particular the establishment of the National Council of the National People's Political Consultative Conference, which is adapted to the desire of the people of all China to realize the government. The National Council of the People's Republic of China, though only an advisory body, does not have the real power, but from the process of the provision and practice, the National Council of the National People's Congress is not a fake sign of the dictatorship. Although it is not a full-fledged people's representative body, it has also become an important institution to supervise the administration of the national government in many issues, and has become a forum for the free expression of political views of all parties. It has played a part in uniting the whole nation and the people and upholding the whole nation's anti-Japanese war. to surrender, to adhere to the anti-Japanese national united front and to the dimension In the 22-year period in which the Nanjing government ruled China, the period was the most "open" of its political system, and the most "trunk" and "demc" In the period of "", the War of Resistance Against Japan was a war of the liberation of the whole nation, and the people of the Chinese people, through the struggle of the world, finally came to the victory, and this victory was achieved. It is not only the active efforts of the Chinese people and the bloody battle, but also with the National Government in time of war The implementation of the political system has a very close relation, and the two aspects of the national government's wartime political system have a certain positive effect on the victory of the anti-Japanese war. But at the same time, there are serious weaknesses and negative effects. We are evaluating the wartime of the National Government. In the political system, it should be in a realistic attitude. At the same time, the political system formed under the condition of wartime is for the post-war The historical process of the country also has a far-reaching impact. The purpose of this paper is to study the characteristics and evolution of the political system of the national government during the Anti-Japanese War. The measures and effects of the time-of-war political system are discussed in detail, and the trend of democratization in the wartime system of the national government in this period is given. To reveal the deep reason for the decline of the National Government. The political system of the time of war was the product of the social and historical conditions during the War of Resistance Against Japan. The political prestige of the Kuomintang, the National Government and Chiang Kai-shek was also reached during the period. The most prosperous degree, the national political system once appeared the dawn of democracy. However, the Kuomintang and the National Government did not take full advantage of these favorable political resources, and did not seize the opportunity of this history, but at the most opportune moment of its political prestige, take advantage of its palm The state power controlled by the Communist Party of China and the democratic demands of the Communist Party of China and the democratic parties and all the various circles of the various ethnic groups have also lost the social foundation of its rule and put China together The majority of the forces in the Party and the democratic parties are pushed to the reverse of their own. In a word, the political system of the national government in the period of the Anti-Japanese War has proved that, on the one hand, the political system of the national government has proved that, on the one hand, the people of the state's power can be truly from the state, the people and the people On the other hand, no matter how much political resources you have in your hands, how powerful political power you have, as long as you deviate from the interests of the State, the people and the people , to ignore the parties,
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K265;D693

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

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本文編號：2495647