民國時期南京市立救濟院研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-03-06 09:20
【摘要】：南京國民政府內(nèi)政部于1928年頒布了第一部社會救濟法規(guī),即《各地方救濟院規(guī)則》,以法令的形式規(guī)定成立救濟院,救濟院開始在全國出現(xiàn)。南京市改組普育堂,成立了南京市唯一的公立救濟慈善機關(guān)——南京市立救濟院。救濟院的成立是特定環(huán)境下的產(chǎn)物,從微觀角度看,南京國民政府定都南京后,南京成為中外觀瞻之地,為建設(shè)新南京之需要,亟需對首都進行社會改造運動。而各種社會問題的大量存在,迫使政府發(fā)揮主導(dǎo)作用,開始對市內(nèi)傳統(tǒng)的社會救濟機構(gòu)進行整合和改進。從宏觀角度看,傳統(tǒng)的社會救濟觀念早已不適應(yīng)近代社會的發(fā)展,新型救濟理念的興起、國家救濟行政的形成正為救濟院的成立提供了契機。南京市立救濟院在統(tǒng)一市內(nèi)各自為政的救濟機構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)上改組成立,隸屬于市社會局。南京市立救濟院在成立之初困難重重,后在羅冕、王獻芬以及傅言任院長時,院務(wù)改進方面得以不斷發(fā)展,形成了一個比較完善的救濟院體系,成功實現(xiàn)了由普育堂到救濟院的轉(zhuǎn)型。后因南京淪陷,救濟院被日偽接管,抗戰(zhàn)勝利后才得以恢復(fù),旋即陷入內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的漩渦之中,并于1949年由南京市軍事管制委員會和市人民政府接管�？箲�(zhàn)前,南京市立救濟院下設(shè)養(yǎng)老所、殘廢所、育嬰所、婦女教養(yǎng)所、游民習(xí)藝所、貧民貸款所、水上救護所、孤兒所(1933年)八所,并于1937年形成三大院所；戰(zhàn)后則成立育幼、安老、殘廢教養(yǎng)、婦女教養(yǎng)、乞丐收容五所及節(jié)婦堂�？梢哉f南京市立救濟院救濟對象不僅涵蓋了老弱婦孺等傳統(tǒng)的弱勢群體,還囊括了一些新的社會弱勢群體如妓女、游民、難民以及失業(yè)者,救濟對象的范圍不斷擴大；救濟的方式多樣,消極救濟與積極救濟并存,并力求積極的救濟途徑,推動實現(xiàn)救濟院的學(xué)�；�、工場化。管理方面,在組織、人事以及規(guī)則方面經(jīng)過不斷的發(fā)展與完善,使南京市立救濟院得以與時俱進,構(gòu)建了一個比較完整的管理與救濟體系。南京市立救濟院在整個南京市的收容救濟人數(shù)方面占主要地位,充分發(fā)揮了救濟院的作用,在一定程度上達(dá)到“以政治之力濟社會之窮”的目標(biāo),使之成為南京貧民的“救星”。南京市立救濟院樹立了現(xiàn)代福利的觀念,采用社會調(diào)查方法,形成了一套包括院民基本情況、院民教養(yǎng)救濟、院民出路的完整的救濟流程。在保護處于社會最底層的弱勢群體,保障社會公平以及解決南京社會問題方面,都起到了積極的作用。經(jīng)費是南京市立救濟院自始至終發(fā)展的瓶頸,經(jīng)費闕如迫使南京市立救濟院組織一再變動,進而制約院務(wù)改進效果,而戰(zhàn)前戰(zhàn)后國內(nèi)不穩(wěn)定的環(huán)境迫使救濟院的工作一再被破壞,民國時期南京市立救濟院的政府救濟無法達(dá)到高度發(fā)展的水平。南京為民國首都,其政治形象非常重要,從南京市立救濟院的發(fā)展歷程中可以清晰地看出其重政治、輕社會的傾向,并折射出民國時期政府支持下的傳統(tǒng)組織發(fā)展的一種現(xiàn)代性缺失。這種缺失導(dǎo)致南京市立救濟院發(fā)展中存在不足,最明顯的表現(xiàn)是救濟活動與政治緊密聯(lián)系在一起,禁娼運動、軍事化管理、新生活運動以及保甲制度的實施,使得南京市立救濟院在救濟的同時,也呈現(xiàn)出一定的懲罰管制特色。
[Abstract]:In 1928, the Ministry of the Interior of the National Government of Nanjing promulgated the first social relief code, namely, the Rules of the Relief of the Local People's Republic of China, which provided for the establishment of a relief hospital in the form of a decree, which began to appear throughout the country. Nanjing, the only public relief charity in Nanjing, was set up in Nanjing, and the only public relief charity in Nanjing was set up. The establishment of the relief house is the product of the specific environment. From the micro point of view, Nanjing, the Nanjing National Government, has become the land of the Chinese and foreign countries. In order to build the needs of the new Nanjing, it is urgent to carry out the social transformation movement to the capital. The existence of various social problems, forcing the government to play a leading role, has begun to integrate and improve the traditional social relief agencies in the city. From the macroscopic point of view, the traditional social relief concept has not been adapted to the development of the modern society and the rise of the new relief concept, and the formation of the national relief administration is providing an opportunity for the establishment of the relief house. The National Relief and Relief Institute of Nanjing was set up on the basis of the local relief agencies in the city, and it is subordinate to the Municipal Social Bureau. At the beginning of the establishment of the National Relief and Relief Hospital of Nanjing, the improvement of the hospital affairs has been continuously developed, and a more complete system of relief institutions has been formed, and the transformation from the PuYutang to the relief hospital has been successfully realized. After the fall of Nanjing, the relief hospital was taken over by the Japanese people, and after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, it was recovered, which was in the vortex of the civil war, and was taken over by the Military Control Commission of Nanjing and the municipal people's government in 1949. Before the Anti-Japanese War, the establishment of the old-age group, the disabled children, the baby-care institute, the women's teaching and raising, the people's learning and art, the poor loans, the water and the orphans (1933), and the formation of the three-compound compound in 1937; after the war, the establishment of the child-care, the old and the disabled, A woman's upbringing, a beggar's house of five, and a woman's hall. It can be said that the relief object of the national relief hospital in Nanjing not only covers the traditional vulnerable groups such as the old and the weak, but also includes some new social vulnerable groups, such as prostitutes, Travellers, refugees and the unemployed, and the scope of relief objects is expanding continuously; the way of relief is diverse, The negative relief and the active relief coexist, and the positive relief way is sought to promote the school and workshop of the relief hospital. The management aspect, through the continuous development and improvement of the organization, the personnel and the rules, has made the national relief hospital in Nanjing to keep pace with the times, and constructed a comparatively complete management and relief system. The National Relief and Relief Hospital of Nanjing occupies a major position in the number of receiving and relief of the whole Nanjing city, giving full play to the role of the relief house, and achieving the goal of the "to take the political power to the poverty of the society" to a certain extent, making it the "savior" of the Nanjing poor. The concept of modern welfare is set up in the National Relief Hospital of Nanjing, and the social investigation method is used to form a complete relief flow including the basic situation of the people, the rehabilitation of the people and the way out of the people in the hospital. The protection of the vulnerable groups at the bottom of the society, the guarantee of social equity and the settlement of the social problems of Nanjing have played a positive role. The fund is the bottleneck of the development of the National Relief and Relief Institute in Nanjing, which has forced the organization of the National Relief and Relief in Nanjing to change repeatedly, and further restrict the improvement effect of the hospital, and the unstable environment in the post-war period of the war has forced the work of the relief house to be destroyed again and again. In the period of the Republic of China, the government relief of the National Relief Hospital of Nanjing was unable to reach the level of high development. Nanjing is the capital of the Republic of China, and its political image is very important. It can clearly see the tendency of its heavy political and light society in the course of its development, and reflects the lack of modernity of the traditional organization development under the support of the government of the Republic of China. This deficiency has led to the insufficiency of the development of the national relief hospital in Nanjing, and the most obvious performance is that the relief activities and the politics are closely connected together, the anti-prostitution movement, the militarization management, the new life movement and the implementation of the Baojia system are the same, And a certain punishment control characteristic is also presented.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：R2-09;K262.9
本文編號：2435399
[Abstract]:In 1928, the Ministry of the Interior of the National Government of Nanjing promulgated the first social relief code, namely, the Rules of the Relief of the Local People's Republic of China, which provided for the establishment of a relief hospital in the form of a decree, which began to appear throughout the country. Nanjing, the only public relief charity in Nanjing, was set up in Nanjing, and the only public relief charity in Nanjing was set up. The establishment of the relief house is the product of the specific environment. From the micro point of view, Nanjing, the Nanjing National Government, has become the land of the Chinese and foreign countries. In order to build the needs of the new Nanjing, it is urgent to carry out the social transformation movement to the capital. The existence of various social problems, forcing the government to play a leading role, has begun to integrate and improve the traditional social relief agencies in the city. From the macroscopic point of view, the traditional social relief concept has not been adapted to the development of the modern society and the rise of the new relief concept, and the formation of the national relief administration is providing an opportunity for the establishment of the relief house. The National Relief and Relief Institute of Nanjing was set up on the basis of the local relief agencies in the city, and it is subordinate to the Municipal Social Bureau. At the beginning of the establishment of the National Relief and Relief Hospital of Nanjing, the improvement of the hospital affairs has been continuously developed, and a more complete system of relief institutions has been formed, and the transformation from the PuYutang to the relief hospital has been successfully realized. After the fall of Nanjing, the relief hospital was taken over by the Japanese people, and after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, it was recovered, which was in the vortex of the civil war, and was taken over by the Military Control Commission of Nanjing and the municipal people's government in 1949. Before the Anti-Japanese War, the establishment of the old-age group, the disabled children, the baby-care institute, the women's teaching and raising, the people's learning and art, the poor loans, the water and the orphans (1933), and the formation of the three-compound compound in 1937; after the war, the establishment of the child-care, the old and the disabled, A woman's upbringing, a beggar's house of five, and a woman's hall. It can be said that the relief object of the national relief hospital in Nanjing not only covers the traditional vulnerable groups such as the old and the weak, but also includes some new social vulnerable groups, such as prostitutes, Travellers, refugees and the unemployed, and the scope of relief objects is expanding continuously; the way of relief is diverse, The negative relief and the active relief coexist, and the positive relief way is sought to promote the school and workshop of the relief hospital. The management aspect, through the continuous development and improvement of the organization, the personnel and the rules, has made the national relief hospital in Nanjing to keep pace with the times, and constructed a comparatively complete management and relief system. The National Relief and Relief Hospital of Nanjing occupies a major position in the number of receiving and relief of the whole Nanjing city, giving full play to the role of the relief house, and achieving the goal of the "to take the political power to the poverty of the society" to a certain extent, making it the "savior" of the Nanjing poor. The concept of modern welfare is set up in the National Relief Hospital of Nanjing, and the social investigation method is used to form a complete relief flow including the basic situation of the people, the rehabilitation of the people and the way out of the people in the hospital. The protection of the vulnerable groups at the bottom of the society, the guarantee of social equity and the settlement of the social problems of Nanjing have played a positive role. The fund is the bottleneck of the development of the National Relief and Relief Institute in Nanjing, which has forced the organization of the National Relief and Relief in Nanjing to change repeatedly, and further restrict the improvement effect of the hospital, and the unstable environment in the post-war period of the war has forced the work of the relief house to be destroyed again and again. In the period of the Republic of China, the government relief of the National Relief Hospital of Nanjing was unable to reach the level of high development. Nanjing is the capital of the Republic of China, and its political image is very important. It can clearly see the tendency of its heavy political and light society in the course of its development, and reflects the lack of modernity of the traditional organization development under the support of the government of the Republic of China. This deficiency has led to the insufficiency of the development of the national relief hospital in Nanjing, and the most obvious performance is that the relief activities and the politics are closely connected together, the anti-prostitution movement, the militarization management, the new life movement and the implementation of the Baojia system are the same, And a certain punishment control characteristic is also presented.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：R2-09;K262.9
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