晚清山東海防炮臺建設(shè)研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-02-19 12:38
【摘要】：海防炮臺作為沿海防御的軍事工程,在保護沿海居民的生命安全、捍衛(wèi)海疆權(quán)益、維護國家利益方面都起到重要的作用。我國炮臺建筑的興起始自明朝,這一時期由于東部沿海倭寇橫行,明朝政府為了有效防御倭寇和西方殖民勢力的入侵,在沿海的險要�？凇u嶼設(shè)置了大量的衛(wèi)所堡壘,由此形成了早期炮臺的雛形。清代將明代的衛(wèi)所堡壘進一步發(fā)揚光大,形成了要塞炮臺,炮臺的設(shè)計結(jié)構(gòu)也進行了優(yōu)化,逐步形成了一個完整的炮臺要塞系統(tǒng)。但這一時期的炮臺建設(shè)主要出于防衛(wèi)海盜和維護海疆安全,炮臺的修筑水平與西方同時期的要塞炮臺相比已經(jīng)較為落后,而且由于國家多年安定,在康熙年間修筑的炮臺大多破敗不堪,難以發(fā)揮海防堡壘的作用。鴉片戰(zhàn)爭中,沿海炮臺屢屢被英軍攻陷,英軍在沿海肆意橫行,作為海防利器的炮臺卻沒有發(fā)揮出應(yīng)有的作用。在痛定思痛之后,清政府重新認識到海防炮臺的重要性,并由此開啟了向西方學習軍事科技的新時期。從十九世紀中葉開始,清政府不惜重金在東部萬里海岸線上修筑了一系列模仿西方的新式炮臺要塞,并放棄了清代早期的全面防御,開始實行重點防御,這就避免了海防力量的分散。有效的提升了炮臺要塞的總體實力,山東半島位于渤海沿岸,和遼東半島共同扼守渤�？�,作為守衛(wèi)京畿的重要區(qū)域,其海防重要性不言而喻。自明代以來山東就受到中央政府高度重視,并修筑了大批的城寨、炮臺、墩堡等海防設(shè)施,構(gòu)成了嚴密的沿海防御體系。清代沿襲了明代的海防設(shè)施并加以擴建。鴉片戰(zhàn)爭之后,山東的海防重要性再度得到提升,清政府以山東登州、煙臺、威海為重點進行了大規(guī)模的海防炮臺建設(shè),并引進了西方的先進炮臺修筑技術(shù),購置了新式的火炮,一定程度上提升了山東沿海的海防實力。本文主要探討了晚清時期山東的海防炮臺建設(shè)過程,全文共分為六部分對晚清時期炮臺構(gòu)筑思想以及炮臺修筑技術(shù)進步方面對晚清炮臺的發(fā)展情況進行了分析。通過對晚清時期山東炮臺建設(shè)情況的論述,可以窺見晚清海防建設(shè)的整體進步,也有助于了解晚清時期國防建設(shè)的發(fā)展情況。
[Abstract]:As a military project of coastal defense, coastal fortress plays an important role in protecting the lives of coastal residents, defending the rights and interests of coastal areas and safeguarding the national interests. The rise of the fortress buildings in China began in the Ming Dynasty. In this period, due to the prevalence of Japanese aggressors in the eastern coast, the Ming Dynasty government set up a large number of fortresses in the dangerous coastal estuaries and islands in order to effectively defend the Japanese aggressors and the invasion of the Western colonial forces. This formed the embryonic form of the early fortress. In the Qing Dynasty, the fortress of the Ming Dynasty was further expanded, and the fortress was formed. The design structure of the fortress was optimized, and a complete fortress system was gradually formed. However, the fortress construction in this period was mainly for the defense of pirates and the maintenance of maritime security. The level of the construction of the fortress was already relatively backward compared with the fortress of the same period in the West, and because of the stability of the country for many years, During the Kangxi period, most of the forts were dilapidated and it was difficult to play the role of a coastal fortress. During the Opium War, the coastal fortress was repeatedly captured by the British army, and the British army ran rampant along the coast, but the fortress, as a sharp weapon of coastal defense, did not play its due role. After learning from the pain, the Qing government rerealized the importance of the artillery fortress and began a new period of learning military science and technology from the West. Since the middle of the 19th century, the Qing government has built a series of new fortress forts on the east coast of the east of Wanli, and abandoned the all-around defense in the early Qing Dynasty, and began to carry out the key defense. This avoids the dispersal of coastal defence forces. Effectively promoted the overall strength of fortress, Shandong Peninsula is located on the coast of the Bohai Sea, and Liaodong Peninsula together to guard the Bohai Sea mouth, as an important area to guard the capital, the importance of its coastal defense is self-evident. Since the Ming Dynasty Shandong has been highly valued by the central government and has built a large number of coastal defense facilities such as forts and piers which constitute a strict coastal defense system. The Qing Dynasty followed the coastal defense facilities of the Ming Dynasty and expanded them. After the Opium War, the importance of coastal defense in Shandong was raised again. The Qing government carried out large-scale coastal defense fortress construction, focusing on Dengzhou, Yantai, and Weihai in Shandong, and introduced advanced western fortress building techniques. The acquisition of new artillery, to a certain extent, the coastal defense strength of Shandong. This paper mainly discusses the construction process of Shandong coastal fortress in the late Qing Dynasty. The whole paper is divided into six parts, and analyzes the development of the turret in the late Qing Dynasty in terms of the thought of building the battery in the late Qing Dynasty and the technological progress in the construction of the battery. Through the discussion on the construction of Shandong battery in the late Qing Dynasty, we can see the overall progress of the coastal defense construction in the late Qing Dynasty, and also help to understand the development of the national defense construction in the late Qing Dynasty.
【學位授予單位】：河北師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：E29;K252
本文編號：2426506
[Abstract]:As a military project of coastal defense, coastal fortress plays an important role in protecting the lives of coastal residents, defending the rights and interests of coastal areas and safeguarding the national interests. The rise of the fortress buildings in China began in the Ming Dynasty. In this period, due to the prevalence of Japanese aggressors in the eastern coast, the Ming Dynasty government set up a large number of fortresses in the dangerous coastal estuaries and islands in order to effectively defend the Japanese aggressors and the invasion of the Western colonial forces. This formed the embryonic form of the early fortress. In the Qing Dynasty, the fortress of the Ming Dynasty was further expanded, and the fortress was formed. The design structure of the fortress was optimized, and a complete fortress system was gradually formed. However, the fortress construction in this period was mainly for the defense of pirates and the maintenance of maritime security. The level of the construction of the fortress was already relatively backward compared with the fortress of the same period in the West, and because of the stability of the country for many years, During the Kangxi period, most of the forts were dilapidated and it was difficult to play the role of a coastal fortress. During the Opium War, the coastal fortress was repeatedly captured by the British army, and the British army ran rampant along the coast, but the fortress, as a sharp weapon of coastal defense, did not play its due role. After learning from the pain, the Qing government rerealized the importance of the artillery fortress and began a new period of learning military science and technology from the West. Since the middle of the 19th century, the Qing government has built a series of new fortress forts on the east coast of the east of Wanli, and abandoned the all-around defense in the early Qing Dynasty, and began to carry out the key defense. This avoids the dispersal of coastal defence forces. Effectively promoted the overall strength of fortress, Shandong Peninsula is located on the coast of the Bohai Sea, and Liaodong Peninsula together to guard the Bohai Sea mouth, as an important area to guard the capital, the importance of its coastal defense is self-evident. Since the Ming Dynasty Shandong has been highly valued by the central government and has built a large number of coastal defense facilities such as forts and piers which constitute a strict coastal defense system. The Qing Dynasty followed the coastal defense facilities of the Ming Dynasty and expanded them. After the Opium War, the importance of coastal defense in Shandong was raised again. The Qing government carried out large-scale coastal defense fortress construction, focusing on Dengzhou, Yantai, and Weihai in Shandong, and introduced advanced western fortress building techniques. The acquisition of new artillery, to a certain extent, the coastal defense strength of Shandong. This paper mainly discusses the construction process of Shandong coastal fortress in the late Qing Dynasty. The whole paper is divided into six parts, and analyzes the development of the turret in the late Qing Dynasty in terms of the thought of building the battery in the late Qing Dynasty and the technological progress in the construction of the battery. Through the discussion on the construction of Shandong battery in the late Qing Dynasty, we can see the overall progress of the coastal defense construction in the late Qing Dynasty, and also help to understand the development of the national defense construction in the late Qing Dynasty.
【學位授予單位】：河北師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：E29;K252
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