【摘要】：19世紀(jì)末，資本主義列強(qiáng)叩開(kāi)了中國(guó)的大門(mén)。從此，中國(guó)在各個(gè)方面受到外國(guó)資本主義勢(shì)力的沖擊，尤其是西方的近代思想對(duì)中國(guó)先進(jìn)人物產(chǎn)生了很大的影響。我國(guó)近代重要的改革思想家宋恕就是其中一位，他提出了一系列頗具時(shí)代特色的維新改革主張。 宋恕提出的改革思想涉及面十分廣泛，從上層的政治體制到關(guān)涉民生的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)，從民眾素質(zhì)的提高到女性思想的解放等，都進(jìn)行過(guò)認(rèn)真的探索。政治方面，他對(duì)封建專(zhuān)制進(jìn)行嚴(yán)厲的抨擊，提出著名的“三始一始”主張，倡導(dǎo)設(shè)立議院、改革官制、變革試令（謂之“三始”），亦應(yīng)更易服飾（謂之“一始”）。同時(shí)，提倡法制改革，對(duì)律師辯護(hù)制、財(cái)產(chǎn)繼承制、禁廢殘酷刑罰制等，都提出了自己具理論與實(shí)踐意義的見(jiàn)解；經(jīng)濟(jì)方面，宋恕主張學(xué)習(xí)西方國(guó)家的科學(xué)技術(shù)，發(fā)展中國(guó)的資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)。他認(rèn)為國(guó)家應(yīng)該積極扶植工商業(yè)的發(fā)展，并提出了繁榮工商業(yè)的一系列措施。教育方面，宋恕對(duì)清末嚴(yán)重束縛人民思想的封建專(zhuān)制教育制度提出尖銳批判，主張改革教育制度，提倡全民教育，實(shí)施近代學(xué)制。他十分注重社會(huì)公共教育，為提高全民精神素質(zhì)，認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)把直接教育與間接教育相結(jié)合，使學(xué)校教育與社會(huì)教育同步進(jìn)行。他還提出了具有特色的粹化教育，即精英教育，認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)設(shè)置一套行之有效的優(yōu)秀人才的選拔、學(xué)習(xí)、畢業(yè)制度。女性解放方面，宋恕站在勞苦大眾的立場(chǎng)上，，以解救女性、實(shí)現(xiàn)男女平等為出發(fā)點(diǎn)，呼吁女性解放，并提出解救女性苦難的各種措施。 本文分別從宋恕的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、教育和女性解放等方面展開(kāi)論述，藉此對(duì)宋恕的改革思想進(jìn)行深入的挖掘，以展示他對(duì)中國(guó)近代社會(huì)改革進(jìn)程的歷史貢獻(xiàn)，恢復(fù)他在人們心中應(yīng)有的地位。當(dāng)然，宋恕的改革思想也存在著不足和局限，這是時(shí)代使然。但是，這些都不能掩蓋他的具有時(shí)代意義的思想光輝。 第一章：宋恕的生平和論著。宋恕幼年時(shí)的生活背景及后來(lái)的顛沛流離為他的改革思想奠定了基礎(chǔ)。宋恕的著作非常多，而流傳至今的比較有限，但現(xiàn)存的著作仍能給人呈現(xiàn)當(dāng)時(shí)的歷史背景與其積極的社會(huì)改革主張，這對(duì)宋恕研究都具有重要的作用。 第二章：宋恕的政治改革理念。宋恕從政體和法制兩個(gè)方面對(duì)封建制度進(jìn)行批判，提出獨(dú)到的改革思路與主張。他的“三始一始”，最能體現(xiàn)他的政治改革觀(guān)點(diǎn)。 第三章：宋恕的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革主張。宋恕對(duì)工商業(yè)的發(fā)展提出了多元化的推動(dòng)措施；另外，他的經(jīng)濟(jì)變革思想還包括諸如水利管理、幣制革新等。 第四章：宋恕的教育改革觀(guān)點(diǎn)。宋恕從學(xué)校教育、社會(huì)教育、精英教育三個(gè)層面，對(duì)中國(guó)教育改革的方向、途徑、措施等提出來(lái)自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn)。宋恕不愧為中國(guó)晚清至近代杰出的教育改革思想家。 第五章：宋恕的女性解放思想。宋恕出于對(duì)缺乏社會(huì)地位的中國(guó)女性的同情，提出解放女性的多種措施。他的思想在當(dāng)時(shí)為女性意識(shí)的覺(jué)醒起到了重要作用，并體現(xiàn)了他具有積極的男女平等的思想意識(shí)。 第六章：宋恕改革思想的價(jià)值和局限。著眼宋恕改革思想所處的歷史背景及其宏觀(guān)思路與具體內(nèi)容，既關(guān)注宋恕改革思想的歷史價(jià)值與積極意義，也看到他改革思想的不足之處，并對(duì)其中的主、客觀(guān)原因進(jìn)行深入的探索。
[Abstract]:At the end of the 19th century, the capitalist powers kowtowed the door of China. Since then, China has been hit by foreign capitalist forces in all its aspects, especially the western modern thought has a great influence on the advanced characters in China. Song is one of the most important reform thinkers in modern times, and he put forward a series of new ideas of the time with the characteristics of the times. The reform thought of the Song Dynasty is very extensive, from the political system of the upper layer to the social economy concerned with the people's livelihood, from the improvement of the people's quality to the liberation of the women's thought, etc. In the political aspect, he criticized the feudal autocracy, and made a famous three-time initial position, advocated the establishment of the House, the reform of the official system, the change test order (the three times of the predicate), and also should be more easy to dress (the beginning of the predicate)). At the same time, the reform of the rule of law, the defence of the lawyer, the system of inheritance of property, the prohibition of the cruel punishment of the waste, and the like, have put forward the views on the meaning of the theory and practice. In the economic aspect, the Song of the Song Dynasty advocated the study of the science and technology of the western countries and the development of the capitalism of China. He said the state should actively support the development of business and commerce, and put forward a series of measures for the prosperity of business and commerce. On the aspect of education, the Song has put forward a sharp criticism on the feudal autocratic system of the people's thought in the late Qing Dynasty, advocated the reform of the education system, promoted the education for all, and carried out modern studies. He pays great attention to the public education of the society, and in order to improve the quality of the whole people, it is thought that the direct education and the indirect education should be combined, so that the school education and the social education should be synchronized. He also put forward the essence of the education, that is, the education of the elite, that the selection, study and graduation of a set of effective talents should be set up. In the aspect of women's liberation, the Song is on the stand of the masses, to save women, to achieve equality between men and women, to call for women's liberation and to put forward a variety of measures to save women's suffering This article, from the aspects of the political, economic, education and women's liberation of the Song Dynasty, made an in-depth study of the reform thought of the Song, to show his historical contribution to the process of the modern social reform in China, and to restore him to the people's mind. Of course, there are shortcomings and limitations in the theory of reform in the Song Dynasty, and this is the case Generations. But none of these can cover his time. In the light of the light. Chapter one: the song of the song. The life and the theory of the life, the background of life at the time of the time of the time of the song, and the change of the past. The foundation is laid on the basis of which the works of the Song are very much, and the current is limited, but the existing works can still present the historical background and the positive social reform of the time, which has the effect of both the Song and the study. Important role. Chapter 2: Song Shu On the basis of the theory of political reform, the Song can criticize the feudal system from the two aspects of the system of government and the rule of law, and put forward the original. The reform ideas and ideas. His 鈥淔rom the beginning to the beginning鈥

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