【摘要】：保甲作為南京國民政府推行時(shí)間最長、影響最大的基層組織近些年來越來越受到學(xué)術(shù)界關(guān)注,但是研究的重視程度和深入程度依然不夠。其中有關(guān)山東保甲制度的研究很少,只是在一些綜合性著作中略有提及。近代山東情況復(fù)雜,保甲制度在這塊土地上呈現(xiàn)出怎樣的區(qū)域化特點(diǎn),值得我們研究。本文從國民政府、日偽政權(quán)、共產(chǎn)黨三方面對(duì)山東保甲進(jìn)行研究,揭示它的特殊性。 國民政府推行保甲制度的直接原因是為了反對(duì)共產(chǎn)黨,同時(shí)也為了加強(qiáng)政府對(duì)基層的控制力。國民政府賦予保甲組織“管、教、養(yǎng)、衛(wèi)”的職能,期望建立一種行政、教育、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事合一的基層組織。雖然山東省響應(yīng)國民政府積極的推行保甲制度,但是實(shí)際的施行效果不理想。山東農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)趨于破產(chǎn),大量農(nóng)村人口離村出走,加上政府選擇保甲人員不當(dāng),都嚴(yán)重制約了保甲制度的實(shí)行和發(fā)揮作用。全面抗日戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)后,南京國民政府喪失對(duì)山東的統(tǒng)治權(quán),山東逐漸演變成日偽政權(quán)、國民政府、共產(chǎn)黨三方政治勢(shì)力共存的局面。受戰(zhàn)爭影響,國民政府寄望于保甲的各種職能基本喪失殆盡,只剩下征兵納糧的作用。日偽政權(quán)為了對(duì)付占據(jù)農(nóng)村為根據(jù)地的共產(chǎn)黨,以國民政府推行的保甲為基礎(chǔ),重新建立保甲組織。日偽政權(quán)實(shí)行的保甲具有鮮明的殖民地化特征,是日本侵略者奴化壓迫中國人民,鞏固殖民統(tǒng)治的得力工具。中國共產(chǎn)黨對(duì)保甲制度有著深刻清醒的認(rèn)識(shí),一貫主張廢除保甲制度。在全民抗戰(zhàn)的背景下,共產(chǎn)黨采取了靈活多變的斗爭策略,對(duì)于國統(tǒng)區(qū)的保甲制度要求進(jìn)行改革,建立民主為原則的鄉(xiāng)村自治制度;對(duì)于日偽占領(lǐng)區(qū)的保甲要求從實(shí)際出發(fā),利用保甲制度的形式為抗日斗爭服務(wù)。 1928年到1945年期間,山東保甲制度有明顯的階段性特點(diǎn)。1928年到1936年是第一階段,這時(shí)期的山東保甲是由南京國民政府主導(dǎo)和推行的。1937年到1945年是第二階段,這時(shí)期的山東保甲被多方政治勢(shì)力滲透利用,呈現(xiàn)出復(fù)雜性的特點(diǎn)。第一階段的山東保甲是南京國民政府主導(dǎo)和推行的一種具有多職能的基層組織,實(shí)行的效果不理想,發(fā)揮的職能也有限。第二階段的山東保甲不單純是一種基層組織,還成為日本侵略者和中國人民的侵略與反侵略的斗爭工具。因此,山東保甲制度又具有正義與非正義的雙重性質(zhì)。
[Abstract]:As the longest and most influential grass-roots organization in Nanjing National Government, Baojia has attracted more and more attention in recent years, but the degree of attention and depth of the research is still insufficient. Among them, there are few researches on Shandong Baojia system, which are only mentioned in some comprehensive works. The situation of modern Shandong is complicated, and the regionalization of Baojia system on this land is worthy of our study. This paper studies Baojia in Shandong Province from three aspects: the national government, the Japanese puppet regime and the Communist Party, and reveals its particularity. The direct reason for the Kuomintang government to carry out the Baojia system is to oppose the Communist Party and also to strengthen the government's control over the grass roots. The National Government gave the organization the function of "managing, teaching, raising and defending", hoping to establish a grass-roots organization with the integration of administration, education, economy, and military affairs. Although Shandong Province responded to the national government to actively implement the system, but the actual implementation effect is not ideal. The rural economy of Shandong tends to go bankrupt, a large number of rural people leave the village, and the government chooses the personnel of Baojia improperly, which seriously restricts the implementation and exertion of Baojia system. After the outbreak of the War of Resistance against Japan, the Nanjing National Government lost its dominion over Shandong, and Shandong gradually evolved into a situation in which the political forces of Japan, the National Government and the Communist Party co-existed. Affected by the war, the National Government hoped that the various functions of Baojia were basically lost, leaving only the role of conscription and grain. In order to deal with the Communist Party in rural areas, Japanese puppet regime re-established Baojia organization on the basis of the national government. The Japanese puppet regime has distinct colonization characteristics and is a powerful tool for the Japanese invaders to enslave the Chinese people and consolidate colonial rule. The Communist Party of China has a deep and sober understanding of the system and has consistently advocated the abolition of the system. Under the background of the people's War of Resistance against Japan, the Communist Party adopted a flexible and changeable struggle strategy, which required the reform of the Bao-Jia system in the areas under the control of the state, and the establishment of a system of village autonomy based on the principle of democracy. For the Japanese occupation areas, the requirements of Baojia from the practical point of view, using the form of Baojia system to serve the anti-Japanese struggle. During the period from 1928 to 1945, the Baojia system in Shandong Province had obvious stage characteristics. The first stage was from 1928 to 1936, and the Shandong Baojia system in this period was led and implemented by the Nanjing National Government. The second stage was from 1937 to 1945. In this period, Shandong Baojia was infiltrated by various political forces, showing the characteristics of complexity. The first stage of Shandong Baojia is a kind of multi-functional grass-roots organization led and implemented by the Nanjing National Government. The effect of the implementation is not ideal and the functions played are also limited. The second stage of Shandong Baojia is not only a kind of grass-roots organization, but also a tool for the Japanese invaders and the Chinese people to fight against aggression and aggression. Therefore, Shandong Baojia system has the dual nature of justice and injustice.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K262.9

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