【摘要】：抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期,隨著國府遷渝,四川的戰(zhàn)略地位迅速提升,成為了中國持久抗戰(zhàn)最重要的后方基地。其省會(huì)城市成都也充當(dāng)了抗戰(zhàn)大后方僅次于重慶的軍政中心、抗戰(zhàn)大后方最重要的空軍戰(zhàn)略基地和物資基地,成為了侵華日軍無差別轟炸的重點(diǎn)目標(biāo)之一。為了摧毀中國的空軍基地,切斷成都乃至整個(gè)四川地區(qū)對(duì)前方主戰(zhàn)場的援助,動(dòng)搖大后方人民的抗戰(zhàn)意志。從1938年到1944年,侵華日軍先后31次對(duì)成都及其周邊地區(qū)進(jìn)行了不分軍事設(shè)施和民用設(shè)施的“無差別轟炸”。根據(jù)日機(jī)轟炸的頻率和強(qiáng)度,可將其轟炸過程分為試探性轟炸、“101號(hào)作戰(zhàn)”轟炸和“102號(hào)作戰(zhàn)”轟炸三個(gè)階段。綜觀這31次轟炸,表現(xiàn)出明顯的時(shí)空分布規(guī)律。時(shí)間分布上,日軍的轟炸主要集中在1939年至1941年中的5至10月;空間分布上,日機(jī)側(cè)重于轟炸軍事機(jī)場和市區(qū)中的軍事目標(biāo)。日軍的無差別轟炸規(guī)模大、覆蓋面廣,在成都制造了5次重大慘案。導(dǎo)致重大慘案的原因是多方面的,既有日方轟炸方面的原因,如大規(guī)模連續(xù)轟炸,投彈數(shù)量多且集中于市區(qū),武器裝備先進(jìn)等;又有中方防空方面的原因,如積極防空力量薄弱,消極防空設(shè)施不充實(shí)、避難市民目標(biāo)暴露,市民防空意識(shí)薄弱,防空救濟(jì)力量不充實(shí)等。日軍的無差別轟炸導(dǎo)致了成都在人口傷亡和財(cái)產(chǎn)損失方面的巨大損失。人口傷亡分為直接和間接兩種,合計(jì)共造成2005人死亡和3561人受傷;財(cái)產(chǎn)損失分為社會(huì)財(cái)產(chǎn)損失和居民財(cái)產(chǎn)損失兩種,合計(jì)共63億9042萬8065元(折算后)+5400000美元。尤以中心城區(qū)的傷亡和損失最嚴(yán)重,轟炸造成普通市民的傷亡和損失最慘重。日軍的無差別轟炸對(duì)成都產(chǎn)生了互相對(duì)立的雙重影響:一方面日軍的轟炸使數(shù)千棟房屋建筑化為廢墟,城市發(fā)展受到阻礙,使人口傷亡和財(cái)產(chǎn)損失甚巨,使市民心理恐慌和精神緊張,在空襲籠罩的陰影下艱難求生;另一方面,為應(yīng)對(duì)日軍的轟炸,成都市大規(guī)模的人口疏散到郊區(qū),客觀上促進(jìn)了城市的發(fā)展,在災(zāi)難面前成都人民發(fā)揚(yáng)不屈不撓、愈炸愈勇的精神,頑強(qiáng)抵抗,在跑警報(bào)中創(chuàng)造出各種“抗戰(zhàn)快餐”,后來發(fā)展為成都的地方特色“名小吃”。
[Abstract]:During the War of Resistance against Japan, the strategic position of Sichuan rose rapidly, and became the most important rear base of China's protracted War of Resistance. Chengdu, the provincial capital, also served as the military and political center behind Chongqing in the War of Resistance. The most important air force strategic base and material base in the rear area of the War of Resistance against Japan became one of the key targets of the Japanese invasion of China. In order to destroy the Chinese air force base, cut off Chengdu and even the whole Sichuan area to the aid of the main battlefield ahead, shake the will of the people in the rear area. From 1938 to 1944, Japanese invaders bombed Chengdu and its surrounding areas 31 times without distinction between military and civilian installations. According to the frequency and intensity of Japanese aircraft bombing, the bombing process can be divided into three stages: tentative bombing, "Battle 101" bombing and "Operation 102" bombing. The 31 bombardments show obvious temporal and spatial distribution. In terms of time distribution, Japanese bombing was mainly concentrated in May to October from 1939 to 1941, and in space distribution, Japanese aircraft focused on bombing military targets in military airfields and urban areas. The Japanese army's indiscriminate bombing was large and widespread, causing five major tragedies in Chengdu. There are many reasons leading to the tragedy, such as large scale continuous bombing, large number of bombs and concentrated in urban areas, advanced weapons and so on. There are also reasons for China's air defense, such as weak active air defense forces, inadequate passive air defense facilities, exposure of sheltered civilian targets, weak awareness of civil air defense, inadequate air defense relief forces, and so on. The Japanese army's indiscriminate bombing resulted in huge losses in terms of population casualties and property losses in Chengdu. The total number of casualties was 2005 deaths and 3561 injuries, and the loss of property was divided into social property losses and residential property losses, totalling 6.3 billion, 90.42 million, 8065 yuan (converted) $5400000. The casualties and losses were the most severe in the central district, and the most serious among the ordinary citizens caused by the bombing. The indiscriminate bombing of the Japanese army had a dual effect on Chengdu: on the one hand, the Japanese bombing left thousands of houses in ruins, hindered the development of the city, and caused great casualties and property losses. Make the citizen psychological panic and mental tension, in the shadow of air strikes difficult to survive; On the other hand, in response to the Japanese bombing, the large-scale evacuation of the population to the suburbs of Chengdu has objectively promoted the development of the city. In the face of the disaster, the Chengdu people carried forward their indomitable spirit, the more they blew up, the more brave they became, and they resisted tenaciously. In the running alarm created a variety of "anti-Japanese fast food," later developed into Chengdu's local characteristics of "famous snacks."
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K265

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