晚清中日商約與雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-06 07:37
【摘要】：晚清中日商約體系既是近代中日條約體系的主體部分,也是探究兩國經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系發(fā)展的重要切入點。它在《中日修好條規(guī)》、《馬關(guān)條約》等政治性條約的基礎(chǔ)上確立,同時又通過《通商章程》、《通商行船條約》及《通商行船續(xù)約》等經(jīng)濟性條約得以充實和豐富,為中日間的通商貿(mào)易提供了國際法理依據(jù),決定了雙邊經(jīng)濟關(guān)系發(fā)展的方向。 中國與日本是一水相隔的鄰邦,自古通商頗為頻繁。然而當(dāng)世界歷史邁入近代之后,因受西方勢力在東亞地區(qū)擴張之沖擊,兩國間曾長期維持的民間友好貿(mào)易往來的局面隨之而被打破。明治維新后的日本政府為盡快擺脫半殖民地性質(zhì)、實現(xiàn)民族獨立,于經(jīng)濟方面針對本土資源不足、市場狹小的缺陷,制定了面向海外、“貿(mào)易立國”方針于外交上則施行了“失之俄美,取償于東亞”的歐美追隨策略。由此便將資源豐富、市場廣闊的中國大陸視為掠奪對象,力求從清政府處取得不平等利權(quán)以滋養(yǎng)其資本主義之發(fā)展。在經(jīng)濟與外交雙重動機的驅(qū)使作用下,日本在對華問題上執(zhí)著于通過訂立商約以恢復(fù)官方貿(mào)易的同時,更多次流露出欲圖仿效西方、攫取在華片面優(yōu)厚待遇之野心。如此多方面因素的共同作用,便導(dǎo)致了晚清中日商約體系的演變不單受到兩國實際經(jīng)貿(mào)往來過程中所產(chǎn)生之矛盾摩擦的推動,還因觸及歐美等國在東亞的諸多利益而遭致國際環(huán)境的制約與影響。由此導(dǎo)致中日商約體系的演變過程呈現(xiàn)出了自身所獨有的特點,并促使以商約為政策性導(dǎo)向的雙邊貿(mào)易亦出現(xiàn)了階段性與轉(zhuǎn)折性的發(fā)展趨勢。 甲午戰(zhàn)后,日本憑借武力取得了其夢寐以求的諸多在華特權(quán),并通過1896年的《通商行船條約》重構(gòu)了中日不平等商約體系,又于1903年強迫清政府接受《續(xù)約》而將該體系加以擴充與深化,從此對華進行大肆侵犯與掠奪。民族危機的深重逐漸激起了飽受剝削之苦的中國紳商的義憤,“二辰丸案”清政府官方外交的失敗遂成為中國第一次民間抵制日貨運動的導(dǎo)火索,廣大中國民眾在繼抵制美貨運動之后再次利用了這種具有近代民族主義性質(zhì)的理性斗爭形式,展現(xiàn)了對爭取國家權(quán)益的信心和決心,推動了國民外交的興起,從而為改變與廢除中日間不平等的商約關(guān)系打下了堅實的民眾基礎(chǔ)。
[Abstract]:The Sino-Japanese commercial treaty system in the late Qing Dynasty is not only the main part of the Sino-Japanese treaty system in modern times, but also an important entry point for exploring the development of the economic and trade relations between the two countries. It was established on the basis of such political treaties as "Sino-Japanese repair regulations", "Treaty of Malaysia", and so on. At the same time, it was enriched and enriched by economic treaties such as "articles of Association for Commerce", "Treaty of Trade and Shipping" and "contract renewal of commercial vessels". It provides an international legal basis for Sino-Japanese trade and determines the development direction of bilateral economic relations. China and Japan are neighbors separated by water, and trade has been frequent since ancient times. However, when the world history entered modern times, the situation of the friendly trade between the two countries, which had been maintained for a long time, was broken because of the impact of the expansion of Western forces in East Asia. In order to get rid of the semi-colonial nature and realize national independence as soon as possible after the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government formulated an overseas policy in view of the shortage of local resources and the narrow market in the economic field. On the other hand, the policy of "establishing a country by trade" carries out the strategy of "losing Russia and America and compensating for East Asia" in diplomacy. Therefore, the Chinese mainland, which is rich in resources and vast market, is regarded as the target of plunder, striving to obtain unequal power from the Qing government in order to nourish the development of capitalism. Driven by the dual motive of economy and diplomacy, Japan insisted on resuming official trade by making a treaty with China, and on more occasions showed its ambition of imitating the West and seizing one-sided preferential treatment in China. The joint action of so many factors led to the evolution of the Sino-Japanese commercial treaty system in the late Qing Dynasty, which was not only promoted by the contradictions and frictions in the process of the actual economic and trade exchanges between the two countries. It is also restricted and influenced by the international environment because it touches the interests of Europe and the United States and other countries in East Asia. As a result, the evolution process of the Sino-Japanese commercial contract system presents its own unique characteristics, and promotes the bilateral trade, which is oriented by the commercial contract as the policy direction, has also appeared the stage and the turning point development trend. After the Sino-Japanese War, Japan obtained many of its coveted privileges in China by force, and reconstituted the unequal commercial treaty system between China and Japan through the "Treaty of Trade and Shipping" in 1896. In 1903, the Qing government was forced to accept the renewal of the contract, and the system was expanded and deepened. The depth of the national crisis gradually aroused the indignation of the exploited Chinese gentry and merchants. The failure of the official diplomacy of the Qing government in the "Erchen Maru case" became the trigger of China's first folk boycott of Japanese goods. Following the boycott of American goods, the broad masses of the Chinese people have once again used this form of rational struggle with a modern nationalist nature, showing their confidence and determination in fighting for national rights and interests, and promoting the rise of national diplomacy. Thus, it laid a solid public foundation for changing and abolishing the unequal Sino-Japanese relations.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F752.9;K252
本文編號：2313586
[Abstract]:The Sino-Japanese commercial treaty system in the late Qing Dynasty is not only the main part of the Sino-Japanese treaty system in modern times, but also an important entry point for exploring the development of the economic and trade relations between the two countries. It was established on the basis of such political treaties as "Sino-Japanese repair regulations", "Treaty of Malaysia", and so on. At the same time, it was enriched and enriched by economic treaties such as "articles of Association for Commerce", "Treaty of Trade and Shipping" and "contract renewal of commercial vessels". It provides an international legal basis for Sino-Japanese trade and determines the development direction of bilateral economic relations. China and Japan are neighbors separated by water, and trade has been frequent since ancient times. However, when the world history entered modern times, the situation of the friendly trade between the two countries, which had been maintained for a long time, was broken because of the impact of the expansion of Western forces in East Asia. In order to get rid of the semi-colonial nature and realize national independence as soon as possible after the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese government formulated an overseas policy in view of the shortage of local resources and the narrow market in the economic field. On the other hand, the policy of "establishing a country by trade" carries out the strategy of "losing Russia and America and compensating for East Asia" in diplomacy. Therefore, the Chinese mainland, which is rich in resources and vast market, is regarded as the target of plunder, striving to obtain unequal power from the Qing government in order to nourish the development of capitalism. Driven by the dual motive of economy and diplomacy, Japan insisted on resuming official trade by making a treaty with China, and on more occasions showed its ambition of imitating the West and seizing one-sided preferential treatment in China. The joint action of so many factors led to the evolution of the Sino-Japanese commercial treaty system in the late Qing Dynasty, which was not only promoted by the contradictions and frictions in the process of the actual economic and trade exchanges between the two countries. It is also restricted and influenced by the international environment because it touches the interests of Europe and the United States and other countries in East Asia. As a result, the evolution process of the Sino-Japanese commercial contract system presents its own unique characteristics, and promotes the bilateral trade, which is oriented by the commercial contract as the policy direction, has also appeared the stage and the turning point development trend. After the Sino-Japanese War, Japan obtained many of its coveted privileges in China by force, and reconstituted the unequal commercial treaty system between China and Japan through the "Treaty of Trade and Shipping" in 1896. In 1903, the Qing government was forced to accept the renewal of the contract, and the system was expanded and deepened. The depth of the national crisis gradually aroused the indignation of the exploited Chinese gentry and merchants. The failure of the official diplomacy of the Qing government in the "Erchen Maru case" became the trigger of China's first folk boycott of Japanese goods. Following the boycott of American goods, the broad masses of the Chinese people have once again used this form of rational struggle with a modern nationalist nature, showing their confidence and determination in fighting for national rights and interests, and promoting the rise of national diplomacy. Thus, it laid a solid public foundation for changing and abolishing the unequal Sino-Japanese relations.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F752.9;K252
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