近代東北中俄邊界管理研究（1858-1931）
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-10-12 19:00
【摘要】：早前的俄國本是一個(gè)內(nèi)陸國家與我國相隔甚遠(yuǎn),自16世紀(jì)以后不斷向外擴(kuò)張兼并鄰國,到17世紀(jì)兩國才有接觸,當(dāng)時(shí)清朝正值盛世,打敗了俄國侵略軍,雙方劃定了邊界,以外興安嶺至海為界。數(shù)百年間中俄邊界相安無事,但沙俄的侵略野心并未消失,伺機(jī)而動(dòng)意欲侵占東方。19世紀(jì)的鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使沙俄認(rèn)識(shí)到清朝的衰敗,自此便不斷派兵入侵黑龍江。面對(duì)沙俄的入侵,如何保衛(wèi)邊疆,守護(hù)邊界是本文研究的重點(diǎn)。本文主要從三部分進(jìn)行論述:第一部分為中俄邊界的形成。面對(duì)沙俄強(qiáng)有力的入侵,清政府一時(shí)無力應(yīng)對(duì)被迫簽訂了不平等條約。雙方重新劃定了邊界,中國喪失了150多萬領(lǐng)土,但沙俄并不滿足,對(duì)中國邊界不斷蠶食,以實(shí)際占領(lǐng)為手段,以談判為目的,不斷竊取中國領(lǐng)土。趁勘界之機(jī),曲解邊界條約內(nèi)容,私挪界碑,致使中國邊界不斷內(nèi)縮。沙俄的侵略行徑激發(fā)了國人的主權(quán)意識(shí),中方開始加強(qiáng)邊界的管理。第二部分為邊界管理的具體措施。東北地區(qū)中俄邊界主要由黑龍江將軍、吉林將軍管理,以后雖有變化,但都是黑龍江、吉林兩省的軍政首腦負(fù)責(zé)。對(duì)邊界的直接管理為卡倫官兵,其負(fù)責(zé)守邊、巡邊、監(jiān)督來往人員、收集情報(bào)等職責(zé)。隨著移民實(shí)邊政策的開展,沿邊的卡倫也具有了行政職能。中俄雙方出入境需要有“護(hù)照”即路票或路引,對(duì)于無照者禁止進(jìn)入。邊境糾紛中央由總理各國事物衙門以及以后的外務(wù)部處理,地方上為交涉員與俄交涉。僅靠卡倫難以維護(hù)邊界地區(qū)的穩(wěn)定,巡邊和駐軍增強(qiáng)了邊界防御的實(shí)力。中俄間還開展了邊界貿(mào)易,以換取所需。邊界貿(mào)易的發(fā)展,一定程度上帶動(dòng)了沿邊地區(qū)的開發(fā)。第三部分為邊界管理的問題和現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)。清政府為應(yīng)對(duì)國內(nèi)沖突,不斷從東北調(diào)兵,造成東北空虛,邊界防御能力降低。在加上對(duì)東北不夠重視,給沙俄可乘之機(jī),大片領(lǐng)土被沙俄侵略。民國時(shí)期中央權(quán)力較小,地方紛爭(zhēng)不斷,對(duì)邊界的管理也無大的改變。告訴我們只有強(qiáng)有力的中央政府才能維護(hù)邊界安全。在當(dāng)代要以國家為后盾,支持邊疆建設(shè)。加強(qiáng)軍隊(duì)的訓(xùn)練,提高防御能力。在保衛(wèi)邊界的同時(shí)還要利用好邊界,積極進(jìn)行中俄間的經(jīng)濟(jì)合作,為振興東北創(chuàng)造條件。
[Abstract]:Earlier Russia was a landlocked country far away from China. Since the 16th century, it has been constantly expanding and annexing neighboring countries. Only in the 17th century did the two countries come into contact. At that time, the Qing Dynasty was in its prime, defeating the Russian invading army and drawing the border between the two sides. Outside the Xingan Mountains to the sea for the boundary. For hundreds of years the Sino-Russian border was at peace, but Czarist aggression did not disappear, seeking opportunities to invade the East. The Opium War of the 19th century made Russia realize the decline of the Qing Dynasty, and since then it has continuously sent troops to invade Heilongjiang. In the face of Russian invasion, how to defend the frontier and guard the border is the focus of this paper. This paper mainly discusses from three parts: the first part is the formation of the border between China and Russia. In the face of Russia's strong invasion, the Qing government was unable to deal with the forced signing of unequal treaties. The two sides have redrawn the border, and China has lost more than 1.5 million territories, but Russia is not satisfied with it. It is constantly nibbling at China's border, using actual occupation as a means and for the purpose of negotiation, and constantly stealing Chinese territory. On the occasion of border demarcation, the contents of the border treaty were misinterpreted and the boundary pillars were moved privately, which led to the constant contraction of the Chinese border. Russia's aggression aroused the Chinese people's sense of sovereignty, China began to strengthen the management of the border. The second part is the concrete measures of boundary management. The border between China and Russia in Northeast China is mainly managed by General Heilongjiang and General Jilin. Although there will be changes in the future, they are the heads of military and political affairs of Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces. The direct management of the border for Karen officers and soldiers, it is responsible for border guard, patrol, supervision of people, intelligence gathering duties. With the development of immigration policy, Karen along the border also has an administrative function. China and Russia need to have a "passport", that is, road ticket or route guide, for those who do not have a license to enter. Border disputes are handled by the prime minister and the foreign ministry, where the negotiator negotiates with Russia. Karen alone can not maintain stability in the border area, border patrol and garrison enhanced the strength of the border defense. Border trade has also been carried out between China and Russia in exchange for what is needed. The development of border trade, to a certain extent, led to the development of border areas. The third part is the problems and practical experience of boundary management. In order to deal with the internal conflict, the Qing government constantly transferred troops from the northeast, resulting in emptiness in the northeast and reduced border defense capability. In addition to the lack of attention to the Northeast, give Czarist Russia the opportunity, a large part of the territory was invaded by Russia. In the period of the Republic of China, the central government had less power, local disputes continued, and the management of the border remained unchanged. Tell us that only a strong central government can maintain border security. In the contemporary era, the state should be the backing to support the construction of frontier areas. Strengthen the training of the army and improve its defense capability. While defending the border, we should make good use of the border, actively carry out economic cooperation between China and Russia, and create conditions for revitalizing the Northeast.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K25
本文編號(hào)：2267253
[Abstract]:Earlier Russia was a landlocked country far away from China. Since the 16th century, it has been constantly expanding and annexing neighboring countries. Only in the 17th century did the two countries come into contact. At that time, the Qing Dynasty was in its prime, defeating the Russian invading army and drawing the border between the two sides. Outside the Xingan Mountains to the sea for the boundary. For hundreds of years the Sino-Russian border was at peace, but Czarist aggression did not disappear, seeking opportunities to invade the East. The Opium War of the 19th century made Russia realize the decline of the Qing Dynasty, and since then it has continuously sent troops to invade Heilongjiang. In the face of Russian invasion, how to defend the frontier and guard the border is the focus of this paper. This paper mainly discusses from three parts: the first part is the formation of the border between China and Russia. In the face of Russia's strong invasion, the Qing government was unable to deal with the forced signing of unequal treaties. The two sides have redrawn the border, and China has lost more than 1.5 million territories, but Russia is not satisfied with it. It is constantly nibbling at China's border, using actual occupation as a means and for the purpose of negotiation, and constantly stealing Chinese territory. On the occasion of border demarcation, the contents of the border treaty were misinterpreted and the boundary pillars were moved privately, which led to the constant contraction of the Chinese border. Russia's aggression aroused the Chinese people's sense of sovereignty, China began to strengthen the management of the border. The second part is the concrete measures of boundary management. The border between China and Russia in Northeast China is mainly managed by General Heilongjiang and General Jilin. Although there will be changes in the future, they are the heads of military and political affairs of Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces. The direct management of the border for Karen officers and soldiers, it is responsible for border guard, patrol, supervision of people, intelligence gathering duties. With the development of immigration policy, Karen along the border also has an administrative function. China and Russia need to have a "passport", that is, road ticket or route guide, for those who do not have a license to enter. Border disputes are handled by the prime minister and the foreign ministry, where the negotiator negotiates with Russia. Karen alone can not maintain stability in the border area, border patrol and garrison enhanced the strength of the border defense. Border trade has also been carried out between China and Russia in exchange for what is needed. The development of border trade, to a certain extent, led to the development of border areas. The third part is the problems and practical experience of boundary management. In order to deal with the internal conflict, the Qing government constantly transferred troops from the northeast, resulting in emptiness in the northeast and reduced border defense capability. In addition to the lack of attention to the Northeast, give Czarist Russia the opportunity, a large part of the territory was invaded by Russia. In the period of the Republic of China, the central government had less power, local disputes continued, and the management of the border remained unchanged. Tell us that only a strong central government can maintain border security. In the contemporary era, the state should be the backing to support the construction of frontier areas. Strengthen the training of the army and improve its defense capability. While defending the border, we should make good use of the border, actively carry out economic cooperation between China and Russia, and create conditions for revitalizing the Northeast.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K25
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