【摘要】： 作為一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)的中國(guó)式政權(quán),清王朝發(fā)展到后期,除了本身無(wú)法克服的周期性制度頑疾的壓力,更有歷代王朝所不具備的時(shí)代變革的壓力。清王朝晚期也是第一次產(chǎn)業(yè)革命后資本主義對(duì)全球格局的重塑時(shí)期,這使得王朝衰敗的原因具有現(xiàn)代化的因素。和近代西方民主國(guó)家不同,中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的國(guó)家體制并不在于推動(dòng)社會(huì)的進(jìn)步和追求社會(huì)的最大幸福,而在于把分散的農(nóng)村組織串聯(lián)起來(lái),維持家國(guó)一體的大一統(tǒng)政治格局。這種體制在“破壞——重建”的模式中運(yùn)行了兩千年之久。鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以來(lái),在民族危機(jī)和階級(jí)矛盾的雙重壓力下,清政府被動(dòng)的站在了改革的前沿,但卻在重新締造政治權(quán)威的模式中遇到了阻礙。在鎮(zhèn)壓太平天國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)的過(guò)程中,國(guó)家權(quán)力開(kāi)始轉(zhuǎn)移。中央的力量被弱化,督撫的力量得到了加強(qiáng),軍隊(duì)由國(guó)家化逐漸變?yōu)榈胤交?甚至私人化。國(guó)家的權(quán)力也由滿洲人的手中向漢族人的手中轉(zhuǎn)移。戊戌變法和新政是清政府對(duì)這個(gè)激變的時(shí)代所作的最后回應(yīng),但被寄予厚望的改革并沒(méi)有恢復(fù)王朝的能力,反而加速了人民革命的到來(lái),清政府最終倒在了激烈的改革面前。
[Abstract]:As a traditional Chinese regime, the Qing Dynasty developed to the later stage, in addition to the pressure of the periodic system can not be overcome by itself, but also the pressure of epoch change that the dynasties did not have. The late Qing Dynasty was also the period when capitalism reshaped the global pattern after the first Industrial Revolution. Different from modern western democratic countries, the traditional state system of China is not to promote social progress and pursue the greatest happiness of society, but to link the scattered rural organizations and maintain a unified political pattern of family and country. This system has been operating for two thousand years in the "destroy-rebuild" model. Since the Opium War, under the double pressure of national crisis and class contradiction, Qing government stood passively at the forefront of reform, but encountered obstacles in the mode of re-establishing political authority. In the process of suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, state power began to transfer. The power of the central government was weakened, the power of the governor was strengthened, and the army gradually changed from nationalization to localization and even personalization. The power of the state was also transferred from the hands of Manchurians to the hands of Han Chinese. The Reform Movement of 1898 and the New deal were the last responses of the Qing government to this era of upheaval, but the high expectations of the reform did not restore the power of the dynasty, but accelerated the arrival of the people's revolution, and the Qing government finally collapsed in front of the fierce reform.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：K252

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