留日士官生與中國軍事思想近代化（1894-1924）
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-14 08:18
【摘要】： 鴉片戰(zhàn)爭前,中國軍事思想依然停留在中世紀狀態(tài),傳統(tǒng)的軍事思想仍然占統(tǒng)治地位。在漫長的中國古代社會,曾經(jīng)產(chǎn)生過輝煌的軍事思想。以《孫子》等古代優(yōu)秀兵書,總結(jié)了封建時代戰(zhàn)爭的許多基本規(guī)律,但它透露的軍事思想,卻都是小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟下大國爭霸和王朝戰(zhàn)爭的產(chǎn)物。二千多年來陳陳相因,沒有新的躍進。 而十九世紀的西方,軍事思想有著絕然不同的面貌。西方資產(chǎn)階級軍事思想體系日漸形成,并出現(xiàn)了著名的代表人物,如:拿破侖、克勞塞維茨及馬漢等。西方的軍事思想不僅揭示了戰(zhàn)爭的基本規(guī)律,還建立了一整套新的軍事原則及戰(zhàn)術(shù)體系。 鴉片戰(zhàn)爭到洋務運動前夕,中國軍事思想的近代化處于萌芽階段。鴉片戰(zhàn)爭,打破了中國軍事思想幾千年閉鎖停滯的局面。以林則徐、魏源為代表的地主階級先進分子及洋務派,通過反思,提出了“師夷長技以制夷”、“中體西用”的反侵略軍事主張。這些主張為中國近代軍事思想的萌芽提供了契機。明治維新前,西方軍事思想已開始在日本的傳播,中國在鴉片戰(zhàn)爭中的慘敗, 使日本朝野看到西方侵略者的堅船利炮所顯示的巨大威力,此時西方軍事思想也隨之潮水般涌進日本。日本明治維新為日本資產(chǎn)階級軍事思想的產(chǎn)生開辟了道路。期間,德國克勞塞維茨的《戰(zhàn)爭論》、馬漢的《海權(quán)論》等對日本軍事思想近代化產(chǎn)生了深刻影響。近代軍事思想武裝下的日本在擴張戰(zhàn)爭中一度處于優(yōu)勢地位,如:甲午戰(zhàn)爭、日俄戰(zhàn)爭等。 清軍在中日甲午戰(zhàn)爭中的慘敗,暴露了先進裝備與落后軍制間的尖銳矛盾,顯現(xiàn)了訓練、教育、戰(zhàn)術(shù)和官兵軍事素質(zhì)方面的嚴重不足。不少有識之士,紛紛赴日本學習軍事,留日士官生群體由此形成,以蔡鍔、蔣百里為代表的留日士官生主張摒棄舊軍制,建立新軍制,仿效日本精學西法的經(jīng)驗,來增強國力、兵力。留日士官生的建軍思想對中國軍事思想近代化產(chǎn)生了決定性的影響,1924年,黃埔軍校的建立標志著中國資產(chǎn)階級軍事思想的最終確立。
[Abstract]:Before the Opium War, China's military thought remained in the Middle Ages, and the traditional military thought still dominated. In the long ancient Chinese society, once produced brilliant military thought. The ancient excellent army books such as Sun Tzu summed up many basic laws of the feudal war, but the military thought it revealed was the product of the great country fighting for hegemony and the dynastic war under the small peasant economy. For more than two thousand years, Chen Xiangyin has made no new leap forward. In the West of the nineteenth century, military thought had a very different face. The western bourgeois military thought system gradually formed, and appeared famous representative figures, such as Napoleon, Clausewitz, Mahan and so on. Western military thought not only reveals the basic law of war, but also establishes a set of new military principles and tactics system. On the eve of the Opium War and the Westernization Movement, the modernization of Chinese military thought was in its infancy. The Opium War broke thousands of years of stagnation in China's military thinking. The advanced elements of the landlord class represented by Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan, and the Westernization school, through reflection, put forward the anti-aggression military idea of "master the long technique to control the Yi" and "use it in the west". These ideas provided an opportunity for the germination of modern Chinese military thought. Before the Meiji Restoration, Western military thought had begun to spread in Japan, and China's tragic defeat in the Opium War made the Japanese government and opposition see the great power shown by the strong boat and artillery of the Western aggressors. At this time, Western military thoughts also poured into Japan. The Meiji Restoration of Japan opened the way for the emergence of Japanese bourgeois military thought. During this period, Krausewitz's War Theory and Mahan's Sea Power Theory had a profound influence on the modernization of Japanese military thought. Japan, armed by modern military ideology, was once in a dominant position in the war of expansion, such as the Sino-Japanese War and the Japanese-Russian War. The tragic defeat of the Qing army in the Sino-Japanese War of 1895 exposed the sharp contradiction between advanced equipment and the backward military system, and revealed serious deficiencies in training, education, tactics and the military quality of officers and soldiers. Many people of insight went to Japan one after another to study military affairs, thus forming a group of non-commissioned students studying in Japan. The non-commissioned students, represented by Cai E and Jiang Baili, advocated abandoning the old military system, establishing a new military system, and emulating Japan's experience in studying Western law, in order to enhance its national strength. Strength. The thought of building the army of the non-commissioned officers in Japan had a decisive influence on the modernization of Chinese military thought. In 1924, the establishment of the Whampoa military Academy marked the final establishment of the Chinese bourgeois military thought.
【學位授予單位】：江西師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K256;E295
本文編號：2242109
[Abstract]:Before the Opium War, China's military thought remained in the Middle Ages, and the traditional military thought still dominated. In the long ancient Chinese society, once produced brilliant military thought. The ancient excellent army books such as Sun Tzu summed up many basic laws of the feudal war, but the military thought it revealed was the product of the great country fighting for hegemony and the dynastic war under the small peasant economy. For more than two thousand years, Chen Xiangyin has made no new leap forward. In the West of the nineteenth century, military thought had a very different face. The western bourgeois military thought system gradually formed, and appeared famous representative figures, such as Napoleon, Clausewitz, Mahan and so on. Western military thought not only reveals the basic law of war, but also establishes a set of new military principles and tactics system. On the eve of the Opium War and the Westernization Movement, the modernization of Chinese military thought was in its infancy. The Opium War broke thousands of years of stagnation in China's military thinking. The advanced elements of the landlord class represented by Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan, and the Westernization school, through reflection, put forward the anti-aggression military idea of "master the long technique to control the Yi" and "use it in the west". These ideas provided an opportunity for the germination of modern Chinese military thought. Before the Meiji Restoration, Western military thought had begun to spread in Japan, and China's tragic defeat in the Opium War made the Japanese government and opposition see the great power shown by the strong boat and artillery of the Western aggressors. At this time, Western military thoughts also poured into Japan. The Meiji Restoration of Japan opened the way for the emergence of Japanese bourgeois military thought. During this period, Krausewitz's War Theory and Mahan's Sea Power Theory had a profound influence on the modernization of Japanese military thought. Japan, armed by modern military ideology, was once in a dominant position in the war of expansion, such as the Sino-Japanese War and the Japanese-Russian War. The tragic defeat of the Qing army in the Sino-Japanese War of 1895 exposed the sharp contradiction between advanced equipment and the backward military system, and revealed serious deficiencies in training, education, tactics and the military quality of officers and soldiers. Many people of insight went to Japan one after another to study military affairs, thus forming a group of non-commissioned students studying in Japan. The non-commissioned students, represented by Cai E and Jiang Baili, advocated abandoning the old military system, establishing a new military system, and emulating Japan's experience in studying Western law, in order to enhance its national strength. Strength. The thought of building the army of the non-commissioned officers in Japan had a decisive influence on the modernization of Chinese military thought. In 1924, the establishment of the Whampoa military Academy marked the final establishment of the Chinese bourgeois military thought.
【學位授予單位】：江西師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K256;E295
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