“西巡”時期清政府施政狀況考察
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-12 13:07
【摘要】：光緒二十六年,八國聯(lián)軍發(fā)動侵華戰(zhàn)爭。慈禧、光緒等人被迫離京,開始了以“西巡”為名的流亡之路,直到光緒二十七年,與八國聯(lián)軍達(dá)成和議后,慈禧等人才返回北京重建統(tǒng)治秩序,歷時一年又四個月。本文以兩宮“西巡”歷程為主線,運用歷史學(xué)研究方法,對當(dāng)時清政府的施政環(huán)境、施政內(nèi)容、施政方式、施政影響等幾方面進(jìn)行探討,力求對清政府這一特殊時期的施政狀況進(jìn)行比較全面、客觀的研究。 本文分四個章節(jié)進(jìn)行論述: 第一章主要介紹庚子“西巡”的背景。聯(lián)軍入侵,京城陷落,清廷統(tǒng)治告急,中華民族處在了生死存亡的危急關(guān)頭。八國聯(lián)軍伙同傳教士對中國人民實行了瘋狂報復(fù),中國社會危機再次凸顯。與此同時,義和團(tuán)肆意迫害在京官吏,政府機構(gòu)被毀壞,政務(wù)處理受到人為干擾。端王載漪、莊王載勛等人利用義和團(tuán)壟斷朝政,破壞朝綱,朝廷的權(quán)力被嚴(yán)重分化。與列強關(guān)系較為密切的南方諸省在這一時期竟與列強互保聯(lián)合,使清廷在南方的控制力大大下降。 第二章主要介紹清廷“西巡”時期的施政要項�！白h和”已經(jīng)成為了流亡政府的主要政務(wù)。為此,清廷積極開展議和,迅速處理教案,大力剿滅義和團(tuán),想盡辦法籌集巨額賠款。另一方面,為了抵御聯(lián)軍的進(jìn)逼,慈禧加強山西、陜西、河南的防御能力。此外,庚辛年間災(zāi)荒頻發(fā),流亡政府能力受限,已經(jīng)不能進(jìn)行大規(guī)模救濟(jì),但在政治地位突出的秦晉地區(qū),采取了強有力的施救行動。 第三章主要描述清廷“西巡”時期的施政方式。清廷在流亡的情況下設(shè)立施政機構(gòu),采取各種措施改善施政條件,到達(dá)陜西后,機構(gòu)設(shè)置逐漸完備。中央與地方政務(wù)的傳達(dá)大量運用電報。在傳遞受阻的情況下,政務(wù)信息一度由山東、陜西中轉(zhuǎn)傳遞。此外,清廷將上行文書題本該為奏折,提高了政府辦事效率。這些都表現(xiàn)了清政府在特殊時期的應(yīng)急處理能力。 第四章分析了清廷施政的影響。清廷議和的成功挽回了列強的支持,重建了統(tǒng)治秩序,但從此對列強惟命是從,人民對此非常失望。為了維持自己的統(tǒng)治,清政府參考西法進(jìn)行改革,內(nèi)容涉及政治、教育、軍事幾方面。盡管清政府做出了較大努力,社會隱患急劇增加,官場腐敗日盛,民教矛盾愈演愈烈,政府信任危機加重,抗捐抗稅斗爭此起彼伏,地方與中央的離心力加大,越來越多的憂患威脅著清政府的統(tǒng)治。
[Abstract]:Guang Xu 26 years, the allied forces of the eight nations launched the war of aggression against China. Cixi, Guang Xu and others were forced to leave Beijing and began their exiled journey in the name of "Western Tour." after 27 years of peace talks with the Allied Forces of the eight, Cixi and others returned to Beijing to re-establish ruling order, which lasted for one year and four months. This paper, taking the course of the "Western Tour" of the two palaces as the main line and using the method of historical research, probes into the administration environment, the content, the way and the impact of the administration of the Qing government at that time. This special period of administration of the Qing government to conduct a more comprehensive, objective research. This paper is divided into four chapters: the first chapter mainly introduces the background of Boxer's "West Patrol". Coalition invasion, the fall of the capital, the Qing dynasty rule urgent, the Chinese nation in a life-or-death crisis. The eight-Power coalition forces and missionaries carried out a frenzy of revenge on the Chinese people, and the social crisis in China was once again highlighted. At the same time, Boxer wantonly persecuted officials in Beijing, government institutions were destroyed, government affairs were artificially disturbed. Duan Wang Zhaoyi, Zhuang Wang Zhaoxun and others used the Boxer Tuan to monopolize the government, destroy the regime, and the power of the court was seriously divided. In this period, the southern provinces, which had close relations with the great powers, United with each other, which greatly reduced the control power of the Qing court in the south. The second chapter mainly introduces the administration of Qing Dynasty. Peace has become the main government of the government in exile. To this end, the Qing government actively engaged in peace, dealt with teaching cases quickly, vigorously exterminates Boxer Tuan, and tried to raise huge reparations. On the other hand, Cixi strengthened the defense capabilities of Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan in order to resist the advance of the Allied Forces. In addition, the famine occurred frequently in Gengxin period, and the government in exile was limited in ability to carry out large-scale relief, but in Qin Jin region, where political status was prominent, strong rescue action was taken. The third chapter mainly describes the administration of Qing Dynasty during the period of "Western Tour". The Qing government set up administrative institutions in exile and took various measures to improve the administrative conditions. The communication of central and local government makes a great use of telegram. In the case of obstructed transmission, government information was once transferred from Shandong to Shaanxi. In addition, the Qing Dynasty should be the uplink document for the folding, improve the efficiency of government work. All these showed the Qing government's ability to deal with emergency in special period. The fourth chapter analyzes the influence of Qing government administration. The success of the Qing Dynasty redeemed the support of the powers and re-established the ruling order, but from then on, the people were very disappointed by the obedience to the powers. In order to maintain its rule, the Qing government carried out reforms with reference to Western France, covering political, educational and military aspects. In spite of the great efforts made by the Qing government, the sharp increase in social hidden dangers, the increasing corruption in the official field, the intensified contradictions between the people and education, the worsening crisis of government trust, the incessant struggle against donations and taxes, and the increasing centrifugal force between the local and the central authorities, More and more worries threaten the Qing government.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K256.7
本文編號：2239095
[Abstract]:Guang Xu 26 years, the allied forces of the eight nations launched the war of aggression against China. Cixi, Guang Xu and others were forced to leave Beijing and began their exiled journey in the name of "Western Tour." after 27 years of peace talks with the Allied Forces of the eight, Cixi and others returned to Beijing to re-establish ruling order, which lasted for one year and four months. This paper, taking the course of the "Western Tour" of the two palaces as the main line and using the method of historical research, probes into the administration environment, the content, the way and the impact of the administration of the Qing government at that time. This special period of administration of the Qing government to conduct a more comprehensive, objective research. This paper is divided into four chapters: the first chapter mainly introduces the background of Boxer's "West Patrol". Coalition invasion, the fall of the capital, the Qing dynasty rule urgent, the Chinese nation in a life-or-death crisis. The eight-Power coalition forces and missionaries carried out a frenzy of revenge on the Chinese people, and the social crisis in China was once again highlighted. At the same time, Boxer wantonly persecuted officials in Beijing, government institutions were destroyed, government affairs were artificially disturbed. Duan Wang Zhaoyi, Zhuang Wang Zhaoxun and others used the Boxer Tuan to monopolize the government, destroy the regime, and the power of the court was seriously divided. In this period, the southern provinces, which had close relations with the great powers, United with each other, which greatly reduced the control power of the Qing court in the south. The second chapter mainly introduces the administration of Qing Dynasty. Peace has become the main government of the government in exile. To this end, the Qing government actively engaged in peace, dealt with teaching cases quickly, vigorously exterminates Boxer Tuan, and tried to raise huge reparations. On the other hand, Cixi strengthened the defense capabilities of Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan in order to resist the advance of the Allied Forces. In addition, the famine occurred frequently in Gengxin period, and the government in exile was limited in ability to carry out large-scale relief, but in Qin Jin region, where political status was prominent, strong rescue action was taken. The third chapter mainly describes the administration of Qing Dynasty during the period of "Western Tour". The Qing government set up administrative institutions in exile and took various measures to improve the administrative conditions. The communication of central and local government makes a great use of telegram. In the case of obstructed transmission, government information was once transferred from Shandong to Shaanxi. In addition, the Qing Dynasty should be the uplink document for the folding, improve the efficiency of government work. All these showed the Qing government's ability to deal with emergency in special period. The fourth chapter analyzes the influence of Qing government administration. The success of the Qing Dynasty redeemed the support of the powers and re-established the ruling order, but from then on, the people were very disappointed by the obedience to the powers. In order to maintain its rule, the Qing government carried out reforms with reference to Western France, covering political, educational and military aspects. In spite of the great efforts made by the Qing government, the sharp increase in social hidden dangers, the increasing corruption in the official field, the intensified contradictions between the people and education, the worsening crisis of government trust, the incessant struggle against donations and taxes, and the increasing centrifugal force between the local and the central authorities, More and more worries threaten the Qing government.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K256.7
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