【摘要】：清末至民國(guó)時(shí)期的中國(guó)鴉片泛濫,罌粟種植、鴉片生產(chǎn)和鴉片販運(yùn)的現(xiàn)象較為普遍,成為當(dāng)時(shí)中國(guó)最為嚴(yán)重的社會(huì)問(wèn)題之一。清末至民國(guó)時(shí)期的新疆雖地處國(guó)家邊陲,同樣未能避免鴉片流毒的侵蝕。鴉片在新疆的泛濫對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)新疆的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了十分深遠(yuǎn)的影響。學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)于清末至民國(guó)時(shí)期新疆鴉片問(wèn)題的研究多僅限于禁毒方面,強(qiáng)調(diào)鴉片對(duì)于近代新疆社會(huì)的巨大危害,對(duì)于該時(shí)期新疆罌粟種植和鴉片販運(yùn)的研究成果很少。實(shí)際上,無(wú)論是清末還是民國(guó)時(shí)期新疆政府對(duì)于鴉片的弛禁時(shí)期要遠(yuǎn)長(zhǎng)于嚴(yán)禁時(shí)期,如果僅僅重視短時(shí)間的禁煙,而忽視對(duì)更長(zhǎng)時(shí)期罌粟種植和鴉片貿(mào)易的研究,則難以真正認(rèn)識(shí)清末至民國(guó)時(shí)期新疆的鴉片問(wèn)題,更無(wú)法了解鴉片存在于該時(shí)期新疆社會(huì)的客觀必然性。從這一角度講,本文的研究還是十分有意義的。 本文的第一個(gè)部分是緒論,第二三部的研究依照時(shí)間順序劃分為清末和民國(guó)兩個(gè)時(shí)間段,分別研究?jī)蓚�(gè)時(shí)期內(nèi)新疆的罌粟種植區(qū)域的發(fā)展變化、各產(chǎn)區(qū)土藥產(chǎn)量的變化趨勢(shì)、洋藥來(lái)源的變化、鴉片貿(mào)易路線的發(fā)展變化和政府在“嚴(yán)禁”、“弛禁”時(shí)期對(duì)罌粟種植和鴉片販運(yùn)的管理,并分析上述問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生的原因。第四部分主要討論鴉片對(duì)清末至民國(guó)時(shí)期新疆社會(huì)產(chǎn)生的深遠(yuǎn)影響。具體內(nèi)容如下： 第一部分為緒論,主要論述本文的選題緣由和意義、研究范圍的界定、相關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)研究綜述、本文的研究?jī)?nèi)容、研究思路和創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)等。 第二部分,對(duì)清末新疆罌粟種植和鴉片販運(yùn)的發(fā)展變化做了復(fù)原和分析,總結(jié)得出,由于清末新疆禁煙重點(diǎn)是針對(duì)“洋藥”的禁販,因此該時(shí)期新疆的罌粟種植區(qū)域不僅僅限于奇臺(tái)、綏來(lái)、昌吉等舊有的鴉片產(chǎn)區(qū)。至光緒末年,北疆伊犁、塔城等地也已經(jīng)成為產(chǎn)煙大區(qū),南疆由于自然條件惡劣和纏回宗教信仰禁忌等原因,罌粟種植沒(méi)有較大的發(fā)展。洋藥在道光年間的禁煙中受到一定的影響,然而短暫的禁煙因鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的失敗和清政府弛禁鴉片的政策而失敗。英屬印度和中亞地區(qū)是該時(shí)期新疆洋藥的主要來(lái)源,洋藥在新疆的販運(yùn)路線大致為沿塔里木盆地北緣的商道,進(jìn)入北疆迪化后,販運(yùn)入內(nèi)地。道光禁煙之后,政府開(kāi)始對(duì)鴉片販運(yùn)進(jìn)行有效管理,以保證其稅收對(duì)于新疆軍政開(kāi)支的補(bǔ)貼,這也使得清末新疆罌粟種植和鴉片貿(mào)易得到了進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展。 第三部分,民國(guó)時(shí)期新疆罌粟種植區(qū)域的變化較大,楊增新政府的以“禁種”為重點(diǎn)的禁煙運(yùn)動(dòng),導(dǎo)致以迪化為中心的準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地南緣舊有的罌粟種植區(qū)基本實(shí)現(xiàn)禁種。此外,該時(shí)期頻繁的戰(zhàn)亂使得上述區(qū)域的罌粟種植難以得到持續(xù)的發(fā)展。而伊犁、塔城、阿山等地由于地處邊疆,戰(zhàn)亂較少,因此三地成為該時(shí)期北疆罌粟種植的主要區(qū)域,內(nèi)地人入疆貿(mào)易路線的轉(zhuǎn)移更加促進(jìn)了這些地區(qū)罌粟種植和鴉片貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。民國(guó)時(shí)期新疆鴉片販運(yùn)路線的變化不大,不過(guò)洋藥的主要來(lái)源變?yōu)槎韲?guó)和中亞地區(qū)。對(duì)該時(shí)期華民大規(guī)模赴俄種煙事件進(jìn)行一定的復(fù)原,并分析其產(chǎn)生原因。此外,由于該時(shí)期鴉片稅收對(duì)于新疆軍政運(yùn)行和商業(yè)貿(mào)易的巨大作用,政府對(duì)于鴉片基本持“弛禁”的態(tài)度。 第四部分,探討鴉片在清末至民國(guó)時(shí)期新疆社會(huì)泛濫的客觀必然性及其產(chǎn)生的深遠(yuǎn)影響,包括積極方面和消極方面。
[Abstract]:From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the phenomenon of opium overflowing, opium cultivation, opium production and opium trafficking became one of the most serious social problems in China at that time. The study of opium problem in Xinjiang from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China was mostly confined to the aspect of drug control, emphasizing the enormous harm of opium to the modern society of Xinjiang, and the research achievements on opium cultivation and opium trafficking in Xinjiang during that period were few. The period of the relaxation of the ban on opium by the Xinjiang government was much longer than the period of the strict ban. If only the short-term ban on opium was emphasized, and the study of the cultivation of opium and the trade of opium was neglected for a long time, it would be difficult to really understand the opium problem in Xinjiang from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, and even less to understand the objective necessity of the existence of opium in Xinjiang society during that period. From this point of view, the research in this paper is still very meaningful.
The first part of this paper is the introduction. The second and third parts of this paper are divided into two periods according to the time sequence: the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. They are respectively to study the development and change of poppy cultivation area in Xinjiang during the two periods, the change trend of local drug production, the change of foreign medicine sources, the development and change of opium trade routes and the government's "forbidden" policy. The fourth part mainly discusses the far-reaching influence of opium on Xinjiang society from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China.
The first part is the introduction, mainly discussing the reason and significance of the topic, the definition of the scope of the study, the related academic research, the research content, research ideas and innovations.
In the second part, the development and changes of poppy cultivation and opium trafficking in Xinjiang in the late Qing Dynasty were restored and analyzed, and it was concluded that since the emphasis of prohibiting smoking in Xinjiang in the late Qing Dynasty was on the prohibition of "foreign drugs", the poppy cultivation area in Xinjiang was not limited to the old opium producing areas such as Qitai, Suilai and Changji. Tacheng and other places have also become smoking areas, southern Xinjiang due to poor natural conditions and religious taboos and other reasons, poppy cultivation did not develop significantly. Foreign medicine in the Daoguang years of the ban on smoking was affected to a certain extent, but the short-term ban on smoking because of the failure of the Opium War and the Qing government's relaxation of the ban on opium policy and failed. Central Asia was the main source of foreign medicines in Xinjiang during that period. Trafficking routes of foreign medicines in Xinjiang were mostly along the trade routes along the northern margin of the Tarim Basin. After entering Dihua in northern Xinjiang, they were trafficked into the mainland. After the ban on smoking in Daoguang, the government began to effectively manage opium trafficking in order to ensure its tax subsidies to Xinjiang's military and government expenditures, which also led to the late Qing Dynasty. Opium poppy cultivation and opium trade in Xinjiang have been further developed.
In the third part, the poppy planting areas in Xinjiang changed greatly during the period of the Republic of China. The anti-smoking campaign of Yang Zengxin's government focused on "prohibiting planting" resulted in the basic prohibition of poppy planting in the old poppy planting areas in the southern margin of Junggar Basin centered on Dihua. In addition, frequent wars during this period made it difficult for the poppy planting in the above-mentioned areas to be sustained. Yili, Tacheng, Ashan and other places, because they were located in the frontier, less war, so the three places became the main areas of poppy cultivation in northern Xinjiang during this period. The transfer of inland trade routes further promoted the development of poppy cultivation and opium trade in these areas. In addition, because of the enormous effect of opium tax on Xinjiang's military and political operation and commercial trade, the government basically held an attitude of relaxing the ban on opium.
The fourth part discusses the objective inevitability and far-reaching influence of opium in Xinjiang from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, including positive and negative aspects.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K252;F329

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