【摘要】：中國(guó)歷史上,鄉(xiāng)約形成于北宋時(shí)期的《呂氏鄉(xiāng)約》,明代時(shí)得到官府的提倡,在清代得到官府的普遍推廣。鄉(xiāng)約在最初之際,是中國(guó)基層社會(huì)中在某一特定地域、特定人群、特定時(shí)間內(nèi)社會(huì)成員共同制訂、共同遵守的自治性行為規(guī)范、組織、制度的總稱,亦稱之為“鄉(xiāng)規(guī)民約”。如在《中國(guó)大百科全書》中就將“鄉(xiāng)規(guī)民約”解釋為“中國(guó)基層社會(huì)組織中社會(huì)成員共同制訂的一種社會(huì)行為規(guī)范,又稱鄉(xiāng)約”①。隨著歷史的發(fā)展,鄉(xiāng)約得到歷朝歷代統(tǒng)治者的提倡和推廣,其內(nèi)涵也在不斷地充實(shí)和擴(kuò)展,不再單單指鄉(xiāng)規(guī)民約。 對(duì)于鄉(xiāng)約的內(nèi)涵,學(xué)界多有述論。如段自成先生就把鄉(xiāng)約概括為四種含義②,其一指的是鄉(xiāng)規(guī)民約;其二是指宣講活動(dòng),即各鄉(xiāng)約在“每月朔望講讀圣諭或鄉(xiāng)規(guī)民約的活動(dòng)”;其三指鄉(xiāng)約長(zhǎng)、約長(zhǎng)、約正;其四為民眾推舉并經(jīng)官府許可或根據(jù)官府的強(qiáng)制,依照地緣或其他關(guān)系組織組織起來(lái)的基層社會(huì)組織。而本文研究民國(guó)時(shí)期新疆的鄉(xiāng)約定義為第四種。 新疆鄉(xiāng)約相比之內(nèi)地則出現(xiàn)相對(duì)較晚,在乾隆時(shí)期隨著內(nèi)地移民屯田的浪潮被引入到新疆。新疆建省后,清政府對(duì)新疆政治體制實(shí)施大范圍的調(diào)整,鄉(xiāng)約以其靈活的組織形式及日益強(qiáng)化的管理職能,成為了清政府取代伯克制的重要舉措,適應(yīng)了新疆特殊的社會(huì)、人文和地理環(huán)境,從而得到普遍推廣。 本文共分五部分來(lái)研究民國(guó)時(shí)期新疆的鄉(xiāng)約制度。第一部分闡述了民國(guó)時(shí)期新疆鄉(xiāng)約的推行情況。本部分首先敘述了新疆鄉(xiāng)約推行普及的原因,通過分析來(lái)探究官府推行鄉(xiāng)約的動(dòng)機(jī)和目的。第二部分從鄉(xiāng)約的組織方式、鄉(xiāng)約的選任及任期年限和收入等幾個(gè)方面來(lái)論述民國(guó)時(shí)期新疆鄉(xiāng)約的組織形式。第三部分通過對(duì)新疆鄉(xiāng)約的催科、稽查和基層司法等幾個(gè)方面來(lái)論述新疆鄉(xiāng)約的綜合化管理職能。第四部分則主要分析在新疆特殊的社會(huì)、人文及地理環(huán)境下,新疆鄉(xiāng)約呈現(xiàn)出與內(nèi)地鄉(xiāng)約不同的獨(dú)特明顯的地域性特征。第五部分則通過對(duì)民國(guó)時(shí)期新疆鄉(xiāng)約的發(fā)展脈絡(luò),探究鄉(xiāng)約制度對(duì)這一時(shí)期新疆社會(huì)的影響。
[Abstract]:In the history of China, the township covenant was formed in the Northern Song Dynasty and was advocated by the government in the Ming Dynasty and popularized by the government in the Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of the village agreement, it is the general name of the autonomous behavior code, organization and system in a certain area, a specific group and a certain time for the social members to formulate and abide by in a certain area, a specific population, and a specific time in China, which is also called "the Rural regulations of the people". For example, in the "Encyclopedia of China", the "Rural regulations" is interpreted as "a social behavior norm made jointly by the social members of the grassroots social organizations in China, also known as the Rural Convention". With the development of history, the rural covenant has been advocated and popularized by the rulers of successive dynasties, and its connotation has been constantly enriched and expanded. As to the connotation of rural covenant, there are many theories in academic circles. If Mr. Duan Zicheng generalizes the rural covenant into four meanings, 2, one refers to the rural people's covenant; the other is to the propaganda activities, that is, the activities of each township about "reading the holy oracle or the villagers' covenant every month"; the third refers to the length of the rural covenant, which is about right; The fourth is a grassroots social organization organized according to geographical or other relations with the permission of the government or according to the compulsion of the government. In this paper, the definition of rural covenant in Xinjiang during the period of the Republic of China is the fourth. Compared with the rural areas in Xinjiang, Xinjiang was introduced to Xinjiang in Qianlong period. After the establishment of Xinjiang Province, the Qing government carried out a large-scale adjustment to Xinjiang's political system. With its flexible organizational form and increasingly strengthened management functions, the township government became an important measure for the Qing government to replace Bo's restraint, and adapted to the special society in Xinjiang. Humane and geographical environment, thus get universal promotion. This paper is divided into five parts to study the rural contract system in Xinjiang during the period of the Republic of China. The first part expounds the implementation of Xinjiang Rural Treaty in the period of the Republic of China. This part first narrates the reason of popularizing the rural covenant in Xinjiang, and probes into the motive and purpose of the government to carry out the rural contract through the analysis. The second part discusses the organization form of Xinjiang Rural Treaty in the Republic of China period from the following aspects: the organization way of the rural contract, the election of the township contract, the term of office and the income. The third part discusses the comprehensive management function of Xinjiang township treaty through several aspects, such as promoting the section, checking and judicial at the grass-roots level. The fourth part mainly analyzes the special social, humanistic and geographical environment in Xinjiang. The fifth part explores the influence of rural contract system on Xinjiang society in the period of the Republic of China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：新疆大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K258

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