晚清國(guó)人對(duì)政體問(wèn)題的認(rèn)識(shí)
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-19 10:54
【摘要】：鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)前后少數(shù)國(guó)人對(duì)西方的議會(huì)、選舉、總統(tǒng)等制度做了初步的介紹和較高的評(píng)價(jià)。洋務(wù)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期國(guó)人對(duì)列強(qiáng)政體有進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí),此時(shí)期西方的議院已經(jīng)是常常提到的概念。早期改良派認(rèn)為西方列強(qiáng)的富國(guó)之本在于開(kāi)設(shè)議院。他們對(duì)西方議會(huì)的認(rèn)識(shí)還是初步的,尚未把它視為立法機(jī)關(guān),談不上君主立憲思想。 維新思想家在維新變法時(shí)期已經(jīng)提出君主立憲思想,明確提出要“開(kāi)國(guó)會(huì)定憲法”,但康梁在百日維新期間的建言與之前的言論并不一致,這是因?yàn)橛捎趯?duì)政體的認(rèn)識(shí)落實(shí)到實(shí)踐層面,為應(yīng)對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)所做的變通。 清末新政初期,國(guó)人對(duì)政體的認(rèn)識(shí)大體分為立憲、共和及守舊三派。此一期,統(tǒng)治者對(duì)君主專(zhuān)制政體自身有所改良,革命派和立憲派論戰(zhàn)不休,雙方實(shí)質(zhì)上還沒(méi)有共同的前提。預(yù)備立憲時(shí)期,國(guó)人對(duì)政體的認(rèn)識(shí)已經(jīng)進(jìn)入實(shí)踐階段,各派認(rèn)識(shí)趨于成熟。統(tǒng)治者內(nèi)部激烈爭(zhēng)論,立憲派和革命派也進(jìn)行論戰(zhàn)。但這一期對(duì)政體的改革已關(guān)涉統(tǒng)治者根本利益,統(tǒng)治者為自己利益打算引起各方不滿(mǎn)。晚清政體轉(zhuǎn)型的失敗的根本原因是國(guó)家利益和王朝利益的沖突。 統(tǒng)而言之,具體制度變革逼出對(duì)整體制度的要求。早期的中國(guó)人逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到,以議會(huì)制度為特點(diǎn)的西方國(guó)家政體是西方國(guó)家富強(qiáng)的根本原因。在認(rèn)識(shí)層面晚清國(guó)人基于國(guó)家本位對(duì)西方立憲政體賦予工具理性意義,以便使國(guó)家臻于富強(qiáng)文明,這一點(diǎn)改良思想家、維新思想家和立憲派、革命派都是相通的。
[Abstract]:Before and after the Opium War, a small number of Chinese made a preliminary introduction and high evaluation to the western parliamentary, election, president and other systems. During the Westernization Movement, Chinese people had a better understanding of the great powers. The early reformists believed that the rich countries of the Western powers were based on the opening of parliaments. Their understanding of Western parliaments is still preliminary, not as a legislature, not as constitutional monarchy. During the reform period, the reform thinkers put forward the idea of constitutional monarchy and explicitly proposed to "establish the Constitution of the National Assembly." however, Kang Liang's advice during the hundred days of reform was not consistent with his previous remarks. This is because the understanding of the regime to the practical level, to adapt to reality. At the beginning of the New deal in the late Qing Dynasty, Chinese people's understanding of the polity was divided into three groups: constitutionalism, republicanism and conservatism. In this issue, the rulers improved the autocratic monarchy, and the revolutionaries and constitutionalists argued endlessly, and the two sides had no common premise in essence. In the preparatory constitutional period, Chinese people's understanding of the regime has entered a practical stage, the understanding of various parties tend to mature. There were fierce debates within the rulers, and the constitutionalists and revolutionaries also debated. But this reform of the regime has a bearing on the fundamental interests of the rulers, the rulers intend to cause dissatisfaction for their own interests. The fundamental reason for the failure of the regime transformation in the late Qing Dynasty was the conflict between the national interest and the dynastic interest. On the whole, the specific institutional change forces the requirement to the whole system. The early Chinese gradually realized that the western political system characterized by the parliamentary system was the fundamental reason for the prosperity and strength of the western countries. On the cognitive level, the Chinese people in the late Qing Dynasty endowed the western constitutionalism with the instrumental rational meaning based on the national standard, in order to make the country become rich and strong civilization. This point is that the reformist thinkers, the reform thinkers, the constitutionalists and the revolutionaries are all interlinked.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K252;D691
本文編號(hào)：2191454
[Abstract]:Before and after the Opium War, a small number of Chinese made a preliminary introduction and high evaluation to the western parliamentary, election, president and other systems. During the Westernization Movement, Chinese people had a better understanding of the great powers. The early reformists believed that the rich countries of the Western powers were based on the opening of parliaments. Their understanding of Western parliaments is still preliminary, not as a legislature, not as constitutional monarchy. During the reform period, the reform thinkers put forward the idea of constitutional monarchy and explicitly proposed to "establish the Constitution of the National Assembly." however, Kang Liang's advice during the hundred days of reform was not consistent with his previous remarks. This is because the understanding of the regime to the practical level, to adapt to reality. At the beginning of the New deal in the late Qing Dynasty, Chinese people's understanding of the polity was divided into three groups: constitutionalism, republicanism and conservatism. In this issue, the rulers improved the autocratic monarchy, and the revolutionaries and constitutionalists argued endlessly, and the two sides had no common premise in essence. In the preparatory constitutional period, Chinese people's understanding of the regime has entered a practical stage, the understanding of various parties tend to mature. There were fierce debates within the rulers, and the constitutionalists and revolutionaries also debated. But this reform of the regime has a bearing on the fundamental interests of the rulers, the rulers intend to cause dissatisfaction for their own interests. The fundamental reason for the failure of the regime transformation in the late Qing Dynasty was the conflict between the national interest and the dynastic interest. On the whole, the specific institutional change forces the requirement to the whole system. The early Chinese gradually realized that the western political system characterized by the parliamentary system was the fundamental reason for the prosperity and strength of the western countries. On the cognitive level, the Chinese people in the late Qing Dynasty endowed the western constitutionalism with the instrumental rational meaning based on the national standard, in order to make the country become rich and strong civilization. This point is that the reformist thinkers, the reform thinkers, the constitutionalists and the revolutionaries are all interlinked.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K252;D691
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