左宗棠軍事思想研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-06 16:24
【摘要】：軍事思想是關(guān)于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、軍隊(duì)和國(guó)防基本問題的理性認(rèn)識(shí),是人們長(zhǎng)期從事軍事實(shí)踐的經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)和理性概括,它隨著人類戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)形態(tài)的變化而不斷發(fā)展。中國(guó)近代軍事思想的產(chǎn)生發(fā)展過程伴隨著新舊變革、中西融合,它反映了中國(guó)近代封建統(tǒng)治階級(jí)、農(nóng)民階級(jí)和資產(chǎn)階級(jí)的軍事思想,是一種帶有過渡性質(zhì)的軍事思想形態(tài)。1840年后,西方經(jīng)濟(jì)文化和軍事技術(shù)入侵,火器逐漸淘汰冷兵器,近代軍事工業(yè)和海軍漸次建立,中國(guó)社會(huì)發(fā)生巨大變化,由此傳統(tǒng)兵學(xué)也受到西方軍事思想的沖擊與挑戰(zhàn),近代中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)軍事思想變革序幕拉開。 左宗棠(1812-1885),字季高,湖南湘陰人,晚清軍政重臣,湘軍統(tǒng)帥之一,洋務(wù)派重要代表。左宗棠少讀詩(shī)書,太平軍起事后入幕湖南兩任巡撫張亮基、駱秉章,參與戎機(jī),開始其軍事生涯,辦楚軍、率湘軍轉(zhuǎn)戰(zhàn)東南剿殺太平軍、開辦福州船政局、收復(fù)新疆,一生戎馬生涯。在長(zhǎng)期的征戰(zhàn)過程中,其軍事思想也逐漸成熟。左宗棠軍事思想是中國(guó)近代軍事思想的重要組成部分,集中體現(xiàn)了從農(nóng)耕文明向工業(yè)文明轉(zhuǎn)變,由冷兵器向熱兵器轉(zhuǎn)變過程中西方軍事思想與傳統(tǒng)中國(guó)兵學(xué)交流融合發(fā)展的過程。 本文從左宗棠軍事思想產(chǎn)生的歷史淵源、國(guó)防戰(zhàn)略、建軍治軍思想、用兵方略、武器裝備以及后勤保障六方面系統(tǒng)展開論述,并在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)左宗棠軍事思想進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。 導(dǎo)言部分系統(tǒng)梳理了關(guān)于左宗棠研究的歷史與現(xiàn)狀,將對(duì)左宗棠的研究劃分為三個(gè)階：即清末至民國(guó)時(shí)期、新中國(guó)成立至改革開放前以及改革開放以來。在系統(tǒng)歸納總結(jié)各個(gè)時(shí)期的主要研究成果,特別是其軍事思想研究的特點(diǎn),把握了學(xué)界研究的現(xiàn)狀,以便為本研究奠定基礎(chǔ)。 第一章主要從時(shí)代背景、歷史傳統(tǒng)和軍事實(shí)踐三個(gè)角度來分析其思想產(chǎn)生的歷史淵源。左宗棠生活的年代,是中國(guó)歷史從古代走向近代的時(shí)期,也是中國(guó)社會(huì)從封建社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)入半殖民地半封建社會(huì)的時(shí)期,這是一個(gè)風(fēng)云激蕩、劇烈變化的時(shí)代。左宗棠因緣際會(huì),以救亡圖存的精神成為一位在中國(guó)近代轉(zhuǎn)軌之際,以引進(jìn)西方軍械與學(xué)習(xí)西方軍事技術(shù)始,而終于成為清末洋務(wù)運(yùn)動(dòng)的先行者之一。左宗棠的軍事思想,可以說是在這個(gè)特定時(shí)代激蕩下思考的結(jié)果。同時(shí),作為一個(gè)飽讀詩(shī)書的傳統(tǒng)讀書人,傳統(tǒng)政治思想中文治武功、士的形象及精神和兵學(xué)傳統(tǒng)的推動(dòng),無疑也是左宗棠軍事思想產(chǎn)生的一個(gè)重要來源；而實(shí)踐更是認(rèn)識(shí)螺旋式上升的催生劑,伴隨著左宗棠平定太平天國(guó),籌辦福州船政局,遠(yuǎn)征新疆等重要的軍事實(shí)踐,左宗棠軍事思想逐步發(fā)展成熟。 第二章重點(diǎn)闡述了左宗棠的防務(wù)觀。當(dāng)近代中國(guó)塞防和海防同時(shí)面臨新威脅的形勢(shì)下,左宗棠既反對(duì)李鴻章“海防論”思想,又反對(duì)“塞防論”,明確提出“海防塞防并重”的思想,是鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后林則徐、魏源提出的既要重視海防又要重視塞防的思想的實(shí)踐。同時(shí),左宗棠還積極配合外交斗爭(zhēng)收回伊犁,針對(duì)晚清雇傭軍問題,采取恩威并用、徐圖漸進(jìn)的方法,逐步裁撤了雇傭軍。與同時(shí)代人相比,左宗棠的海防塞防并重思想,既看到了清王朝所面臨的陸地邊疆威脅,也清醒的認(rèn)識(shí)到海上安全問題,有其歷史的戰(zhàn)略高明性,而其對(duì)雇傭軍的使用問題,以及軍事和外交手段配合收復(fù)伊犁,既顯示了左宗棠具備了時(shí)人所不具備的國(guó)際視野,也反映了其強(qiáng)烈的愛國(guó)主義情懷。 第三章主要研究左宗棠的建軍治軍思想。在兵源問題上,左宗棠提出來源必須廣泛,在將領(lǐng)的選擇上,營(yíng)官多用武官,與曾胡湘軍編制體制略有差異；；在部隊(duì)編成上,步兵、水師、馬隊(duì)和炮兵兼?zhèn)?這是近代部隊(duì)編制的雛形,順應(yīng)了由冷兵器向熱兵器的轉(zhuǎn)變,則是近代清軍的一大發(fā)展；嚴(yán)明軍紀(jì),對(duì)軍中哥老會(huì)黨予以嚴(yán)懲,則維護(hù)了軍隊(duì)的穩(wěn)定,則是曾國(guó)藩所不及。 第四章主要梳理了左宗棠的用兵方略。左宗棠用兵,善于統(tǒng)籌全局,正確確定戰(zhàn)略進(jìn)攻方向,在“視天下事若無不可為”的戰(zhàn)略勇氣下,“剿撫并重”,牢牢把握戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的主動(dòng)權(quán),推行反客為主的攻防主張,緩進(jìn)急戰(zhàn)的作戰(zhàn)方針,知己知彼,靈活機(jī)動(dòng)。這些是左宗棠在平定太平天國(guó),收復(fù)新疆等戰(zhàn)役中常勝不敗的重要原因。 第五章著重分析了左宗棠對(duì)近代堅(jiān)船利炮的認(rèn)識(shí)。左宗棠推崇魏源“師夷之長(zhǎng)技以制夷”的主張,主張通過自強(qiáng)來實(shí)現(xiàn)堅(jiān)船利炮的自產(chǎn),創(chuàng)辦福州船政局,創(chuàng)辦了西北軍事工業(yè)。在倡導(dǎo)引進(jìn)和學(xué)習(xí)西方先進(jìn)武器裝備和科學(xué)技術(shù)時(shí),他強(qiáng)調(diào)堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主,突出了自強(qiáng)御侮的目的,體現(xiàn)了武器裝備建設(shè)的全局性。與同時(shí)期的曾國(guó)藩、李鴻章相比,對(duì)近代武器的認(rèn)識(shí),左宗棠無疑要更加全面系統(tǒng)。 第六章著重探討了左宗棠關(guān)于部隊(duì)后勤保障的思想和原則。無論征剿太平軍還是收復(fù)新疆,左宗棠都高度重視后勤保障,籌餉、籌糧、籌轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),充實(shí)了傳統(tǒng)耕戰(zhàn)結(jié)合思想的內(nèi)容,有利地保障了部隊(duì)作戰(zhàn)的需要,而堅(jiān)持屯墾結(jié)合,則有效地維護(hù)了新疆的穩(wěn)定。 第七章則對(duì)左宗棠軍事思想進(jìn)行了評(píng)析。主要是從湘軍統(tǒng)帥群體軍事思想、在吸納中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)兵學(xué)思想基礎(chǔ)上開啟中國(guó)近代軍事思想兩個(gè)視角對(duì)左宗棠在近代軍事思想史上的地位進(jìn)行了詮釋,突出了左宗棠的軍事思想所具有的善于從全局出發(fā)、統(tǒng)籌兼顧、突出重點(diǎn)；精心謀劃戰(zhàn)局,堅(jiān)持自強(qiáng)御侮、救亡圖存的大膽進(jìn)取精神以及重視維護(hù)軍隊(duì)紀(jì)律,以嚴(yán)明的軍紀(jì)來保證部隊(duì)?wèi)?zhàn)斗力及良好的軍民關(guān)系的特色。明確提出左宗棠軍事思想是湘軍統(tǒng)帥群體軍事思想的重要組成部分,是在總結(jié)和豐富中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)兵學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上開啟中國(guó)近代軍事思想發(fā)展方向的重要環(huán)節(jié)。
[Abstract]:Military thought is a rational understanding of the basic problems of war, army and national defense. It is the experience summary and rational generalization of people who have been engaged in military practice for a long time. It develops continuously with the change of the form of human war. The process of the development of modern Chinese military thought is accompanied by the new and old changes, the integration of the West and the west, which reflects the modern feudal China. The military thought of the ruling class, the peasantry and the bourgeoisie is a military ideological form with the nature of transition. After.1840 years, the western economic and cultural and military technology invaded, the firearms gradually eliminated the cold weapons, the modern military industry and the Navy were gradually established, the Chinese society changed greatly, and the traditional military science also received the Western military thought. The impact and challenge of thought are the prelude to the transformation of modern Chinese traditional military thought.
Zuo Zongtang (1812-1885), Hunan Xiangyin, Xiangyin in the late Qing Dynasty, one of the military and political officials of the late Qing Dynasty, one of the commanders of the Hunan army and an important representative of the Westernization school. The Taiping Army started his military career, started his military career, started his military career, started his military career, and took part in the military aircraft after the start of the Taiping army, and began his military career. He began to run the Chu army in the southeast and set up the Fuzhou shipping administration bureau and set up the Fuzhou Shipping Administration Bureau. In the course of a long period of war, the military thought of Xinjiang was gradually mature. The military thought of Zuo Zongtang was an important part of modern Chinese military thought, which focused on the transformation from farming civilization to industrial civilization, and the exchange of Western military thought and traditional Chinese military science during the transition from cold weapons to hot weapons. The process of development.
This article discusses the historical origin of Zuo Zongtang's military thought, the strategy of national defense, the thought of army building and military affairs, the strategy of using the army, the weaponry and the logistic support in six aspects, and evaluates Zuo Zongtang's military thought on this basis.
The introduction part systematically combed the history and present situation of Zuo Zongtang's research, and divided the study of Zuo Zongtang into three steps: from the end of the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the new China was established before the reform and opening up and the reform and opening up. The main research results of each period were summarized, especially the characteristics of its military thought research. The current situation of academic research lays the foundation for this research.
The first chapter mainly analyzes the historical origin of his thought from three angles, the times background, the historical tradition and the military practice. The age of Zuo Zongtang's life is the period of Chinese history from ancient to modern, and the period of the transition from the feudal society to the semi colonial and semi feudal society, which is a turbulent and violent change. At the time of the times, Zuo Zongtang became one of the pioneers of the Westernization Movement in the late Qing Dynasty, with the spirit of saving the nation from subjugation and being one of the pioneers of the Westernization Movement in the late Qing Dynasty at the beginning of the transition of modern China. Zuo Zongtang's military thought can be said to be the result of thinking in this epoch. The traditional reading of reading poetry and books, the traditional political thought in Chinese martial arts, the image and spirit of the scholar and the promotion of the military tradition, is undoubtedly an important source of Zuo Zongtang's military thought; and the practice is to know the spiraling agent of spiral rise, with Zuo Zongtang to calm the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, prepare the Fuzhou Shipping Administration Bureau, expedition Xinjiang and so on. Zuo Zongtang's military thought gradually developed and matured in the important military practice.
The second chapter focuses on Zuo Zongtang's view of defense. When modern China and sea defense are facing new threats at the same time, Zuo Zongtang is opposed to Li Hongzhang's "theory of sea defense", but also against "the theory of defense." it is clear that the thought of "maritime defense and defense is equal", is Lin Zexu after the Opium War, Wei Yuan put forward not only to pay attention to sea defense but also to pay attention to the sea defense. At the same time, Zuo Zongtang also actively cooperated with the diplomatic struggle to recover Yili, and aimed at the mercenary problem of the late Qing Dynasty, adopted the same use, and gradually abolished the mercenaries. Compared with the contemporaries, Zuo Zongtang's sea defence and defense is equal to the thought of both the land border threat and the Qing Dynasty. The awakening of maritime safety issues, with its historic strategic clarity, and its use of mercenaries, and the military and diplomatic means to recover Yili, not only show the international vision that Zuo Zongtang has not have, but also his strong patriotism.
The third chapter mainly studies Zuo Zongtang's thought of army building and governing the army. On the issue of military origin, Zuo Zongtang must have a wide range of sources. In the choice of the generals, the officers and officers use the military officers more than the former Hu Xiangjun. In the formation of the army, the infantry, the water division, the horse team and the artillery are the embryonic form of the modern army, which complies with the cold soldiers. The transformation of the weapon to the hot weapons was a great development of the modern army in the Qing Dynasty, and the strict discipline of the army and the strict punishment of the Party of the veteran's party had safeguarded the stability of the army, which was not too late for Zeng Guofan.
The fourth chapter mainly combs the strategy of Zuo Zongtang's military use. Zuo Zongtang uses soldiers to co-ordinate the overall situation and correctly determines the direction of the strategic offensive. Under the strategic courage of "if all things can be seen as if all things can be done," the "suppression and caress", firmly grasp the initiative of the war, carry out the main offensive and defensive ideas of the anti passenger war, and slow down the war policy, know oneself and the enemy, and spirit. These are Zuo Zongtang's important reasons for winning the battle in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and recovering Xinjiang.
The fifth chapter focuses on the analysis of Zuo Zongtang's understanding of the modern artillery of Jian ship. Zuo Zongtang advocated Wei Yuan's proposition of "the long technology of the teacher and the Yi", advocated the self-reliance of self strength to realize the self-production of the cannon, founded the Fuzhou Shipping Administration Bureau, and founded the Northwest military industry. He was strong in the introduction and study of advanced western weapons and equipment and science and technology. The purpose of insisting on independence and self-reliance, highlighting the purpose of self-reliance and insulting, embodies the overall nature of the construction of weapons and equipment. Compared with Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang in the same period, Zuo Zongtang will undoubtedly have a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of modern weapons.
The sixth chapter emphatically discussed Zuo Zongtang's thoughts and principles about the logistics support of the army. Regardless of the suppression of the Taiping army or the recovery of Xinjiang, Zuo Zongtang attaches great importance to the logistics support, the raising of rates, the raising of grain and the transfer of the grain, enriching the content of the traditional ploughing war with the thought, and ensuring the needs of the team's operations. The stability of Xinjiang was protected.
The seventh chapter makes an analysis of Zuo Zongtang's military thought, mainly from the military thought of the commander-in-chief of the Hunan army and the interpretation of the position of Zuo Zongtang in the history of modern military thought on the basis of the opening of Chinese modern military thought on the basis of absorbing Chinese traditional military thought, and highlighting the ability of Zuo Zongtang to be good at the military thought of Zuo Zongtang. In the overall situation, we should make overall consideration and highlight the key points, carefully plan the war situation, insist on self strength and aggression, save the courage and enterprising spirit of saving the nation from subjugation, and attach importance to the maintenance of the discipline of the army. In order to ensure the combat power of the army and the characteristics of the good military and civilian relations, the Zuo Zongtangjun thought is an important group of the military thought of the commander in chief of the Hunan army. In part, it is an important link to start the development direction of modern Chinese military thought on the basis of summarizing and enriching Chinese traditional military science.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K256;E092
本文編號(hào)：2168289
[Abstract]:Military thought is a rational understanding of the basic problems of war, army and national defense. It is the experience summary and rational generalization of people who have been engaged in military practice for a long time. It develops continuously with the change of the form of human war. The process of the development of modern Chinese military thought is accompanied by the new and old changes, the integration of the West and the west, which reflects the modern feudal China. The military thought of the ruling class, the peasantry and the bourgeoisie is a military ideological form with the nature of transition. After.1840 years, the western economic and cultural and military technology invaded, the firearms gradually eliminated the cold weapons, the modern military industry and the Navy were gradually established, the Chinese society changed greatly, and the traditional military science also received the Western military thought. The impact and challenge of thought are the prelude to the transformation of modern Chinese traditional military thought.
Zuo Zongtang (1812-1885), Hunan Xiangyin, Xiangyin in the late Qing Dynasty, one of the military and political officials of the late Qing Dynasty, one of the commanders of the Hunan army and an important representative of the Westernization school. The Taiping Army started his military career, started his military career, started his military career, started his military career, and took part in the military aircraft after the start of the Taiping army, and began his military career. He began to run the Chu army in the southeast and set up the Fuzhou shipping administration bureau and set up the Fuzhou Shipping Administration Bureau. In the course of a long period of war, the military thought of Xinjiang was gradually mature. The military thought of Zuo Zongtang was an important part of modern Chinese military thought, which focused on the transformation from farming civilization to industrial civilization, and the exchange of Western military thought and traditional Chinese military science during the transition from cold weapons to hot weapons. The process of development.
This article discusses the historical origin of Zuo Zongtang's military thought, the strategy of national defense, the thought of army building and military affairs, the strategy of using the army, the weaponry and the logistic support in six aspects, and evaluates Zuo Zongtang's military thought on this basis.
The introduction part systematically combed the history and present situation of Zuo Zongtang's research, and divided the study of Zuo Zongtang into three steps: from the end of the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the new China was established before the reform and opening up and the reform and opening up. The main research results of each period were summarized, especially the characteristics of its military thought research. The current situation of academic research lays the foundation for this research.
The first chapter mainly analyzes the historical origin of his thought from three angles, the times background, the historical tradition and the military practice. The age of Zuo Zongtang's life is the period of Chinese history from ancient to modern, and the period of the transition from the feudal society to the semi colonial and semi feudal society, which is a turbulent and violent change. At the time of the times, Zuo Zongtang became one of the pioneers of the Westernization Movement in the late Qing Dynasty, with the spirit of saving the nation from subjugation and being one of the pioneers of the Westernization Movement in the late Qing Dynasty at the beginning of the transition of modern China. Zuo Zongtang's military thought can be said to be the result of thinking in this epoch. The traditional reading of reading poetry and books, the traditional political thought in Chinese martial arts, the image and spirit of the scholar and the promotion of the military tradition, is undoubtedly an important source of Zuo Zongtang's military thought; and the practice is to know the spiraling agent of spiral rise, with Zuo Zongtang to calm the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, prepare the Fuzhou Shipping Administration Bureau, expedition Xinjiang and so on. Zuo Zongtang's military thought gradually developed and matured in the important military practice.
The second chapter focuses on Zuo Zongtang's view of defense. When modern China and sea defense are facing new threats at the same time, Zuo Zongtang is opposed to Li Hongzhang's "theory of sea defense", but also against "the theory of defense." it is clear that the thought of "maritime defense and defense is equal", is Lin Zexu after the Opium War, Wei Yuan put forward not only to pay attention to sea defense but also to pay attention to the sea defense. At the same time, Zuo Zongtang also actively cooperated with the diplomatic struggle to recover Yili, and aimed at the mercenary problem of the late Qing Dynasty, adopted the same use, and gradually abolished the mercenaries. Compared with the contemporaries, Zuo Zongtang's sea defence and defense is equal to the thought of both the land border threat and the Qing Dynasty. The awakening of maritime safety issues, with its historic strategic clarity, and its use of mercenaries, and the military and diplomatic means to recover Yili, not only show the international vision that Zuo Zongtang has not have, but also his strong patriotism.
The third chapter mainly studies Zuo Zongtang's thought of army building and governing the army. On the issue of military origin, Zuo Zongtang must have a wide range of sources. In the choice of the generals, the officers and officers use the military officers more than the former Hu Xiangjun. In the formation of the army, the infantry, the water division, the horse team and the artillery are the embryonic form of the modern army, which complies with the cold soldiers. The transformation of the weapon to the hot weapons was a great development of the modern army in the Qing Dynasty, and the strict discipline of the army and the strict punishment of the Party of the veteran's party had safeguarded the stability of the army, which was not too late for Zeng Guofan.
The fourth chapter mainly combs the strategy of Zuo Zongtang's military use. Zuo Zongtang uses soldiers to co-ordinate the overall situation and correctly determines the direction of the strategic offensive. Under the strategic courage of "if all things can be seen as if all things can be done," the "suppression and caress", firmly grasp the initiative of the war, carry out the main offensive and defensive ideas of the anti passenger war, and slow down the war policy, know oneself and the enemy, and spirit. These are Zuo Zongtang's important reasons for winning the battle in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and recovering Xinjiang.
The fifth chapter focuses on the analysis of Zuo Zongtang's understanding of the modern artillery of Jian ship. Zuo Zongtang advocated Wei Yuan's proposition of "the long technology of the teacher and the Yi", advocated the self-reliance of self strength to realize the self-production of the cannon, founded the Fuzhou Shipping Administration Bureau, and founded the Northwest military industry. He was strong in the introduction and study of advanced western weapons and equipment and science and technology. The purpose of insisting on independence and self-reliance, highlighting the purpose of self-reliance and insulting, embodies the overall nature of the construction of weapons and equipment. Compared with Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang in the same period, Zuo Zongtang will undoubtedly have a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of modern weapons.
The sixth chapter emphatically discussed Zuo Zongtang's thoughts and principles about the logistics support of the army. Regardless of the suppression of the Taiping army or the recovery of Xinjiang, Zuo Zongtang attaches great importance to the logistics support, the raising of rates, the raising of grain and the transfer of the grain, enriching the content of the traditional ploughing war with the thought, and ensuring the needs of the team's operations. The stability of Xinjiang was protected.
The seventh chapter makes an analysis of Zuo Zongtang's military thought, mainly from the military thought of the commander-in-chief of the Hunan army and the interpretation of the position of Zuo Zongtang in the history of modern military thought on the basis of the opening of Chinese modern military thought on the basis of absorbing Chinese traditional military thought, and highlighting the ability of Zuo Zongtang to be good at the military thought of Zuo Zongtang. In the overall situation, we should make overall consideration and highlight the key points, carefully plan the war situation, insist on self strength and aggression, save the courage and enterprising spirit of saving the nation from subjugation, and attach importance to the maintenance of the discipline of the army. In order to ensure the combat power of the army and the characteristics of the good military and civilian relations, the Zuo Zongtangjun thought is an important group of the military thought of the commander in chief of the Hunan army. In part, it is an important link to start the development direction of modern Chinese military thought on the basis of summarizing and enriching Chinese traditional military science.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K256;E092
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