【摘要】：晉綏根據(jù)地是抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期中共領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的眾多根據(jù)地之一,西靠黃河,與陜甘寧邊區(qū)隔河相望,是保衛(wèi)陜甘寧邊區(qū)的重要屏障；東扼同蒲鐵路北段,直接威脅日軍南下交通線的暢通,是晉察冀根據(jù)地與晉冀魯豫根據(jù)地與陜甘寧邊區(qū)聯(lián)系的唯一通道；北達(dá)祖國(guó)邊疆綏遠(yuǎn)百靈廟和烏蘭花一帶,可以時(shí)時(shí)威脅平綏線,這對(duì)打破日偽進(jìn)攻大西北有決定意義；南接汾離公路與閻錫山統(tǒng)治區(qū)相隔。本文就以該區(qū)抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)為主要研究對(duì)象,主要涉及邊區(qū)的自然環(huán)境、社會(huì)環(huán)境、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)狀況(經(jīng)濟(jì)分區(qū)、農(nóng)具、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品種類、耕作制度)、農(nóng)村土地問題、借貸關(guān)系、農(nóng)村金融、互助合作等問題。通過研究我們發(fā)現(xiàn)中共政權(quán)力量介入下的晉綏邊區(qū)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)生一系列變化,主要表現(xiàn)在：貧雇農(nóng)取代地主、富農(nóng)成為占有土地最多的階級(jí)；租佃期限較以前大大延長(zhǎng),租額、租率標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下降；私人借貸比重下降,新式金融力量—銀行為代表的政府貸款比重增加；通過互助變工運(yùn)動(dòng),農(nóng)村由個(gè)體家庭生產(chǎn)逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向集體性生產(chǎn)；階級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)由地主、富農(nóng)與貧雇農(nóng)占多數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)化為以中農(nóng)為主。 全文共分為七個(gè)部分。其中導(dǎo)論部分主要從論題提出及意義,學(xué)術(shù)史回顧、研究思路、創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)和不足點(diǎn)等方面對(duì)論題的可行性進(jìn)行說明。 第一章,主要論述了邊區(qū)成立的自然社會(huì)環(huán)境；社會(huì)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事環(huán)境；教育和社會(huì)環(huán)境。第二章,主要對(duì)邊區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)分區(qū)、農(nóng)具、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品種類及分布情況、耕作制度進(jìn)行說明。 第三章,主要研究邊區(qū)農(nóng)村的土地問題。在土地分配方面,土地在近代私有化趨勢(shì)下,地主、富農(nóng)成為占有土地最多的階級(jí),抗戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后,中共晉綏邊區(qū)政府一方面對(duì)現(xiàn)有土地占有關(guān)系進(jìn)行調(diào)整。主要通過兩個(gè)途徑實(shí)現(xiàn),第一、利用減租交租政策轉(zhuǎn)移。雖然減租條例的主要目的是維持租佃關(guān)系穩(wěn)定,不允許地主隨意收回土地,但在政策范圍內(nèi)政府亦允許地主收回土地用于出賣、出典、轉(zhuǎn)租。第二、利用回贖土地轉(zhuǎn)移地權(quán)。典押地都屬于高利貸形式,邊區(qū)政府成立以來(lái)嚴(yán)禁高利貸,因此大力鼓勵(lì)回贖土地。另一方面,通過開荒運(yùn)動(dòng)為增加貧雇農(nóng)土地。在租佃關(guān)系方面,戰(zhàn)前農(nóng)佃分布以自耕農(nóng)為主；實(shí)物地租、貨幣地租、勞役地租并存,尤以實(shí)物地租為主；大多數(shù)租約都是書面約,租佃年限一般都較短,租額、租率水平都較高,邊區(qū)政府成后延長(zhǎng)了租佃期限；受戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)影響更多依賴于實(shí)物地租；取消了書面約中的剝削條款；降低了租額與租率。 第四章,研究邊區(qū)借貸關(guān)系。邊區(qū)借貸的原因是廣大貧苦群眾深受地租和高利貸的剝削,生活水平極為低下；農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)資料缺乏；邊區(qū)金融紊亂,農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展缺乏必要資金。探討了戰(zhàn)前邊區(qū)借貸種類、來(lái)源、期限、利率問題,接著又對(duì)抗戰(zhàn)后邊區(qū)減息政策和回贖不動(dòng)產(chǎn)政策進(jìn)行梳理,著重介紹了以西北農(nóng)民銀行為中心的借貸運(yùn)動(dòng),其中農(nóng)貸對(duì)象以中貧農(nóng)為主；發(fā)放貸款做到不違農(nóng)時(shí)；在資金上面實(shí)行政府投資與民間游資相結(jié)合；農(nóng)貸發(fā)放主要放在生產(chǎn)方面。農(nóng)貸的發(fā)放不僅調(diào)動(dòng)了廣大農(nóng)民的生產(chǎn)積極性,促進(jìn)了生產(chǎn)發(fā)展,而且促進(jìn)了邊區(qū)階級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)的變化,地主、富農(nóng)比例下降,中貧農(nóng),尤其是中農(nóng)比例迅速增加。 第五章、論述了邊區(qū)金融情況,西北農(nóng)民銀行在興縣農(nóng)民銀行的基礎(chǔ)上建立,并進(jìn)一步完善了銀行的機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置、人員結(jié)構(gòu),并利用“四項(xiàng)動(dòng)員”擴(kuò)大了銀行的基金,使銀行成為制度健全、組織相對(duì)嚴(yán)密的金融機(jī)構(gòu)。同時(shí)積極開展了發(fā)行貨幣、管理外匯、辦理匯兌、辦理儲(chǔ)蓄、兼理金庫(kù)等職能,尤其是發(fā)行邊區(qū)本位貨幣—西北農(nóng)鈔,為晉綏根據(jù)地建立獨(dú)立自足的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系創(chuàng)造了條件。銀行利用發(fā)行的西北農(nóng)幣與銀洋、法幣、偽鈔進(jìn)行了不懈的斗爭(zhēng),邊區(qū)基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了農(nóng)幣的單一本位幣制度,建立了獨(dú)立自主的金融體系。這一方面改變了邊區(qū)各種貨幣同時(shí)存在的混亂局面,使西北農(nóng)幣為邊區(qū)唯一的貨幣計(jì)量單位；另一方面也防止了日偽以法幣、白洋、偽鈔等非本位幣擾亂邊區(qū)金融,套用邊區(qū)物資,有利于邊區(qū)平衡進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易。此外,銀行還通過管理外匯增加了銀行外匯實(shí)力,通過銀行牌價(jià)調(diào)控進(jìn)出口貨物,有效地促進(jìn)了邊區(qū)貿(mào)易的發(fā)展,提高了群眾的生活水平。 第六章、主要介紹了邊區(qū)互助變工運(yùn)動(dòng)。這是邊區(qū)政府利用舊有互助形式,組織群眾進(jìn)行集體生產(chǎn)的勞動(dòng)組織方式。其組織背景是邊區(qū)勞動(dòng)力被日軍大肆殺戮和抓捕；閻錫山、新軍與八路軍大量征兵；人口主動(dòng)遷移和被迫逃跑下大量減少,同時(shí)受戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)影響耕畜也大量減少,荒地?cái)?shù)量卻大量增加。為集中有限人力、物力進(jìn)行生產(chǎn),“組織起來(lái)”集體勞動(dòng)是發(fā)展生產(chǎn)的必然選擇�？箲�(zhàn)時(shí)期其發(fā)展主要經(jīng)歷了三個(gè)階段,第一階段(1940—1942年)互助變工組織的探索時(shí)期。其中前兩年只是含糊地提出發(fā)展互助合作組織,在實(shí)踐中并沒有進(jìn)行具體調(diào)研與組織管理,1942年邊區(qū)政府才開始真正重視互助合作組織的建立,但在興辦互助組織時(shí)完全拋開民間原有形式,采取一套程序,強(qiáng)迫命令方式,因此沒有收到好的效果。第二階段(1943年)變工組織初步發(fā)展時(shí)期。以興縣溫家寨為個(gè)案對(duì)這一年邊區(qū)互助運(yùn)動(dòng)進(jìn)行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)勞動(dòng)互助一般是在相互間存在親戚朋友或主佃依存關(guān)系的情況下才有可能,如勞動(dòng)力、土地等生產(chǎn)資料條件相差不多的家庭,或生產(chǎn)條件差別明顯而互相有所求的家庭�；ブ児そM能解決各階層的不同困難,吸引更多人參加到生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)中。變工組的規(guī)模要適當(dāng)。變工互助方式要由簡(jiǎn)單而復(fù)雜,范圍由小而大,時(shí)間由短而長(zhǎng)�；ブ刹恳思悍罟⒁陨碜鲃t、做事公道。第三階段(19441945年)互助勞動(dòng)組織普遍發(fā)展時(shí)期。其中1944年各地互助組比例較往年有明顯增加,但在地區(qū)分布上還存在很大不平衡性,在發(fā)展成效上也很不樂觀。1945年針對(duì)這一問題,邊區(qū)政府提出在農(nóng)業(yè)上要鞏固擴(kuò)大變工組織,在自愿的原則下組織到各種各樣的變工互助組織之內(nèi)。在副業(yè)上要吸收余資余力,用頂錢股頂工股頂身股及按股分紅的方法組織各種變工合作小組。在婦女紡織上要發(fā)動(dòng)全家男女老小都參加變工互助小組。在工礦業(yè)上要用公營(yíng)、民營(yíng)、合作經(jīng)營(yíng)等方式組織互助合作組織。部隊(duì)機(jī)關(guān)公營(yíng)企業(yè)也要注意吸收民間力量發(fā)展互助合作組織,采用“民主評(píng)定,按質(zhì)分級(jí)分組的制度,貫徹‘公私兩利’、‘公私分明’、‘軍民兩利’、‘戰(zhàn)斗與生產(chǎn)結(jié)合’的方針”來(lái)完成各種生產(chǎn)任務(wù),從而使變工互助在質(zhì)量上也大大改觀。在互助種類上,1944年以前主要是利用舊有變工形式組織,1944年以后在各地在變工互助組的基礎(chǔ)上,又組織成立紡織、開荒、運(yùn)輸?shù)榷喾N類型的變工合作社,邁出了互助合作組織近代化發(fā)展的第一步。在變工原則上主要堅(jiān)持自愿原則,尊重群眾意愿結(jié)合,勞武結(jié)合原則。此外,還規(guī)范了變工互助組織的記工、折工、還工辦法,總結(jié)了互助變工組織的意義及偏差。 本文創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)在于：(1)研究范式的創(chuàng)新。中共經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)與基層社會(huì)之間的關(guān)系是一個(gè)相互排斥、融合乃至轉(zhuǎn)換的互動(dòng)過程。民間社會(huì)、廣大并非完全被動(dòng)的角色,民間傳統(tǒng)運(yùn)行方式、傳統(tǒng)心態(tài)及其行為也在相當(dāng)程度上制約著共產(chǎn)黨的政策,塑造著中共各項(xiàng)經(jīng)濟(jì)政策本身。因此突破過去研究中的上層視角,重視中共經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)與鄉(xiāng)村社會(huì)的雙重互動(dòng),對(duì)中共鄉(xiāng)村建設(shè)的全貌考察是大有裨益的。(2)研究?jī)?nèi)容的豐富。以往對(duì)于晉綏邊區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)的研究大多數(shù)只是對(duì)某個(gè)問題的單獨(dú)研究,而本文將對(duì)晉綏邊區(qū)農(nóng)村地權(quán)和租佃關(guān)系；新式金融建設(shè)與鄉(xiāng)村借貸關(guān)系；互助合作運(yùn)動(dòng)進(jìn)行綜合性研究,以全面反映戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)背景下國(guó)家與社會(huì)間的互動(dòng)關(guān)系。(3)研究資料的創(chuàng)新。本文充分運(yùn)用山西檔案館有關(guān)晉綏根據(jù)地的大量原始資料對(duì)邊區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究,擴(kuò)大了根據(jù)地經(jīng)濟(jì)研究的資料范圍,尤其是當(dāng)時(shí)邊區(qū)政府所作的許多調(diào)查報(bào)告,提供了許多有關(guān)農(nóng)民應(yīng)對(duì)政府措施的真實(shí)反映。
[Abstract]:Jinsui base area was one of the many bases under the leadership of the Communist Party of China in the period of the Anti Japanese war. The west by the Yellow River and the Shanxi Gansu Ningxia border area were the important barriers to protect the Shanxi Gansu Ningxia border region. A passageway; the Baiyuan Temple of Suiyuan and the area of Ulan flower in the border of Suiyuan, the frontier of China, can threaten the Ping Suiyuan line, which is of decisive significance to breaking the Japanese and puppet attacks on the northwest, and the south is separated from the Yan Xishan ruling area. This article mainly studies the rural economy in the period of the Anti Japanese War, mainly involving the natural environment and social environment of the border area. The agricultural production status (economic zones, agricultural tools, agricultural products, farming systems), rural land problems, lending relations, rural finance, mutual assistance and cooperation, and so on. Through the study we found a series of changes in the rural economy of the Jinsui border area under the intervention of the power of the Communist Party of China, mainly in the following aspects: the poor peasants and farmers replaced landlords, and the rich peasants became possession soil. The most land class; the tenancy period was greatly extended, the rent rate, the rent rate standard decreased, the proportion of private lending declined, the proportion of the new financial forces - the bank represented the government loan increase; the rural household production gradually turned to the collective production through the mutual assistance movement movement; the class structure was dominated by landlords, rich peasants and poor farmers. Most of them are converted to middle peasants.
The full text is divided into seven parts, including the introduction and significance of the topic, the review of the academic history, the research ideas, the innovation points and the shortcomings.
The first chapter mainly discusses the natural social environment of the border area, social politics, economy, military environment, education and social environment. The second chapter mainly explains the Agricultural Economic Zoning in the border area, agricultural implements, the types and distribution of agricultural products, and the farming system.
The third chapter mainly studies the land problem in the rural areas of the border area. In the field of land distribution, the landlords and the rich peasants have become the class of the most occupied land under the trend of modern privatization. After the outbreak of the war of resistance, the government of the Jinsui border area of the Communist Party of China has adjusted the existing land possession on the one hand. The first is to make use of the rent reduction and renting by two ways. Although the main purpose of the regulations is to maintain the stability of the tenancy and not allow the landlords to take back the land at random, the government also allows the landlords to take back the land for selling, bidding and sublease in the scope of the policy. Second, using the redemption land to transfer the land rights. The pawning land belongs to the usury form, and the border area government prohibits high profit since the establishment of the border region government. On the other hand, in order to increase the land of redemption. On the other hand, through the opening up movement to increase the land of the poor farm labourers. In the tenancy relationship, the prewar peasant tenant is distributed mainly by the farmers; the real land rent, the money land rent, the labor rent coexist, especially the real land rent; most of the leases are written about, the tenancy is generally shorter, rents, leased water. Even higher level, the border area government after the extension of the tenancy period; affected by the war more dependent on the real land rent; the cancellation of the written agreement of exploitation; reduce the rent and rent rate.
The fourth chapter studies the loan relationship in the border area. The reason for the border area lending is that the poor people are deeply exploited by the land rent and the usury, the living standard is very low; the agricultural production data is short; the border area financial disorder, the agricultural development lacks the necessary funds. The border reduction policy and the redemption of the real estate policy are combed, focusing on the loan movement centered on the northwest farmer's Bank, in which the agricultural loan objects are mainly in the middle and poor peasants; the loans do not go against the agricultural time; the government investment is combined with the private capital, and the agricultural loan is mainly distributed in the production aspects. It not only mobilized the productive enthusiasm of the farmers, promoted the development of production, but also promoted the change in the structure of the border region, the proportion of landlords and rich peasants declined, and the proportion of the middle and poor peasants, especially the middle peasants, increased rapidly.
The fifth chapter discusses the financial situation in the border area. The northwest farmer's Bank is established on the basis of the farmer's Bank in the county of Xing county. It has further perfected the establishment of the bank, the personnel structure, and expanded the bank's fund with the "four mobilization", so that the bank became a sound system, the organization was close to the financial institution, and the issuing currency was actively carried out. In order to manage foreign exchange, handle remittances, handle savings, and rationale gold treasury functions, especially the distribution of the border standard currency, the Northwest Agricultural banknote, created conditions for the establishment of an independent and self-sufficient economic system in the Jinsui base area. The bank has made unremitting struggles with the circulation of the Northwest Agricultural currency and the Silver Ocean, French currency and counterfeit banknote. The border area has basically realized the single book of the agricultural currency. The currency system has established an independent financial system, which has changed the confusion of the various currencies at the same time in the border area, making the Northwest Agricultural currency the only monetary unit in the border area; on the other hand, it also prevents the Japanese puppet currency, the white ocean, the counterfeit money and other non standard currency to disturb the border area finance, to apply the border area material and to the balance of the border area. In addition, the bank also increased the foreign exchange strength through the management of foreign exchange and controlled the import and export of goods through the price of the bank. It effectively promoted the development of the border trade and improved the living standard of the masses.
The sixth chapter mainly introduces the border area mutual assistance and change movement. This is the way the border region government uses the old form of mutual assistance to organize the mass production of the mass production. Its organizational background is that the labor force is slaughtered and captured by the Japanese army in the border area; Yan Xishan, the new army and the Eight Route Army are a large number of soldiers; the population has been moved and forced to escape a large number of people. At the same time, the number of farm animals was greatly reduced by the war, but the number of wasteland increased greatly. In order to concentrate limited manpower and material resources for production, "organized" collective labor was the inevitable choice for the development of production. In the period of the war of resistance against Japan, its development mainly experienced three stages, the first stage (1940 to 1942) the exploration period of mutual aid to the working organization. Two years only vaguely put forward the development and cooperation organization, in practice, there is no specific investigation and organization management. In 1942, the border government began to really attach importance to the establishment of mutual assistance and cooperation organization. But in the establishment of mutual aid organizations, it completely threw away the original form of the folk, adopted a set of procedures and forced order, so it did not receive good effect. The second stage (1943) period of the initial development of the working organization. The mutual aid change group can solve the different difficulties and attract more people to participate in the production labor. The scale of the working group should be appropriate. The way of working and mutual assistance should be simple and complex, the scope is small and big, the time is short and long. In the third stage (19441945 years), the mutual aid labor organization was widely developed. In 1944, the proportion of mutual aid groups increased significantly in 1944, but there was still great imbalance in the regional distribution. In the development effect was also very unoptimistic in the.1945 year, the border government proposed to consolidate and expand the working organization in agriculture. Under the principle, we should organize all kinds of working and mutual assistance organizations. In the sideline, we should absorb surplus and capital, use top shares of the top money, and organize various kinds of cooperation and cooperation groups. In women's textile, we should start the whole family and the young and the young to participate in the working and mutual assistance group. In the industry and mining, we should use public, private and cooperative. The public enterprises of the military organs should also pay attention to absorbing the development and cooperation organizations of the civil forces, and adopting the "democratic evaluation, the quality classification system, the implementation of the" public and private interests ", the" public private and the clear ", the" two interests of the military and the people ", the" combination of fighting and production "to complete various production tasks, from On the basis of the transformation and mutual assistance group, the first step of the modernization development of the mutual assistance and cooperation organization has been made. The principle of changing labour mainly adhered to the principle of voluntariness, respect for the combination of the masses' will and the principle of combination of labor and force. In addition, it also standardizes the working, folding and working methods of the organization for mutual assistance and mutual assistance, and summarizes the significance and the deviation of the mutual aid organization.
The innovation points of this article are: (1) the innovation of the research paradigm. The relationship between the economic construction of the Communist Party of China and the grass-roots society is an interactive process of mutual exclusion, integration and even conversion. The civil society is not a completely passive role, the folk traditional mode of operation, the traditional mentality and its behavior also restrict the Communist Party's policy to a considerable extent. The economic policies of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of China have been created. Therefore, it is of great benefit to break through the upper angle of study in the past and to attach importance to the dual interaction between the economic construction of the Communist Party of China and the rural society. (2) the research content is rich. Most of the research on the Jinsui border region in the past is only Dan Duyan of a certain problem. In this article, the relationship between the rural land rights and tenancy in the Shanxi Suiyuan border area, the relationship between the new financial construction and the rural lending and the mutual assistance and cooperation movement are studied comprehensively to fully reflect the interaction between the state and the society under the war background. (3) the innovation of the research materials. This article fully uses the large quantities of the Shanxi archives about the Jinsui base area. The initial data systematically studied the economic development of the border area, expanded the scope of the data of the research on the base area economy, especially the many investigation reports made by the border government at that time, and provided a lot of real reflection on the farmers' measures to deal with the government.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K265;F329

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前1條

1 張曉玲;;抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期晉綏邊區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)改進(jìn)[J];中國(guó)農(nóng)史;2014年02期

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