【摘要】：辛亥革命前后,革命者所面臨的難題,是如何將清帝國舊秩序下的“臣民”,改造為符合新的共和國的“國民”。但革命者首先面臨的兩個問題是：“國民”究竟是什么?究竟怎樣才算是“國民”? 為解決第一個問題,革命者需要做的,就是創(chuàng)造出一個他們心目中的“國民”形象作為范本。在中國傳統(tǒng)固有的“國民”概念的基礎(chǔ)上,維新派知識分子從西方引進(jìn)了新的政治含義上的“國民”的概念,革命者則將其合二為一,創(chuàng)造出一種符合革命者心中理想的“國民”形象。 新的民國政權(quán)的建立,使革命者理想中”“國民”形象,具有了成為現(xiàn)實的可能。于是,究竟怎樣才算是“國民”這個問題,就提上了革命的日程。在革命者看來,要解決這個問題,就要對算不上“國民”的廣大民眾進(jìn)行改造,使他們算得上“國民”。雄心勃勃的“制造國民”計劃于焉肇端。 為了達(dá)到上述目的,相信“目的決定手段正確”的革命者,分別采取了暴力規(guī)訓(xùn)這比較酷烈的方式和公開展示這一較為溫和的宣傳形式,雙管齊下,來達(dá)成自己的改造民眾的目的。前者主要是改造國民的身體,使外貌上接近他們理想中的國民形象。后者則是規(guī)訓(xùn)國民的行為,通過權(quán)力展示和宣傳等手段來重新塑造國民的行為舉.¨：,從而更進(jìn)一步改造民眾的意識,使民眾由外而內(nèi),成為革命者心中合格的“國民”。 通過分析發(fā)現(xiàn),革命者自以為得計的“制造國民”計劃并不十分成功,他們所采取的強制性暴力手段只是迫使民眾在身體上屈服；其通過政治儀式的展示,試圖以上行下效的方式來改造民眾的方案,卻因為過于高深而被民眾報以冷漠,而在公開場合的宣傳策略,反而培養(yǎng)起一群高聲應(yīng)和的群氓。 盡管如此,辛亥革命期間,革命者制造國民的計劃仍然留下了意想不到的遺產(chǎn)——人是可以進(jìn)行改造,這成為了革命中國大規(guī)模社會改造工程的肇端。
[Abstract]:Before and after the 1911 Revolution, the revolutionaries were confronted with the problem of how to transform the "subjects" under the old order of the Qing Empire into "nationals" in line with the new republic. But the first two questions the revolutionaries face are: what is a "national"? What on earth is a "national"? To solve the first problem, revolutionaries need to create a national image as a model. On the basis of the traditional Chinese concept of "national", the reformist intellectuals introduced the concept of "national" in a new political sense from the West, and the revolutionaries merged it into one. Create a "national" image that meets the ideals of the revolutionaries. The establishment of the new regime of the Republic of China makes the image of "the nation" in the revolutionary ideal possible to become a reality. Thus, the question of what constitutes a "national" has been put on the agenda of the revolution. In the revolutionaries' view, to solve this problem, we must transform the masses of people who are not "nationals" so that they can be "nationals." The ambitious "manufacture of the Nation" project is at the end of Yanzhao. In order to achieve the above purpose, revolutionaries who believe that "the end determines the right means" have adopted a more cool and vigorous way of discipline of violence and a more moderate form of propaganda on public display, both in a two-pronged manner. To achieve their own goal of reforming the people. The former is mainly to transform the national body, so that appearance close to their ideal national image. On the other hand, the latter is to discipline the behavior of the people, by means of power display and propaganda, to remodel the behavior of the people, so as to further transform the people's consciousness, to make the people from outside to inside, and to become a qualified "national" in the minds of revolutionaries. Through analysis, it was found that the plan of "making the Nation" that the revolutionaries thought they had planned was not very successful, and that the coercive means of violence they used were merely to force the people to succumb physically; they were displayed through political ceremonies. Attempts to reform the public in a way that works in an effective way are reported by the public for being too advanced, and propaganda strategies in public rather than in public foster a crowd of responsive mobs. Nevertheless, during the Revolution of 1911, the revolutionary's plan to create a nation left an unexpected legacy-man could be transformed, which became the beginning of a large-scale social transformation project in revolutionary China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K251

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