本文選題：晚清 + 捻軍�。� 參考：《山東師范大學》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】： 捻軍是晚清咸同時期活躍在黃淮地區(qū)的一支武裝力量,對清朝政府形成極大威脅。山東也是捻軍活動的主戰(zhàn)場之一,1860年以后捻軍時常大規(guī)模竄擾山東,特別是1861年和1867年捻軍兩次深入山東腹地,對山東社會產(chǎn)生了極大沖擊。 文章分為四章。第一章,主要講述道咸時期山東社會狀況。主要從人文和社會兩個層面,以政治、經(jīng)濟、自然災害作為切入點,講述捻軍之所以在山東活動的背景,認為正是清政府統(tǒng)治的腐敗、經(jīng)濟剝削的加重和自然災害的打擊才使捻軍在山東常年竄擾成為可能。 第二章主要敘述捻軍在山東活動和清政府平定捻軍的歷程。捻軍在山東活動大致可分為咸豐時期、僧格林沁主剿時期、曾國藩主剿時期和李鴻章主剿時期共四個階段。捻軍在咸豐年間只是小規(guī)模竄擾山東西部地區(qū),這期間,清政府對捻軍防剿措施主要是督飭各地方官盡力剿殺本境內(nèi)作亂的捻軍。從1860年以后直至1868年,捻軍便經(jīng)常大規(guī)模竄擾山東了,其中在1861年和1867年,捻軍曾兩次深入包括膠東地區(qū)在內(nèi)的山東腹地,而清政府為了早日解決捻軍問題,也改變了平剿策略,這期間相繼任命僧格林沁、曾國藩、李鴻章為剿捻欽差大臣,統(tǒng)籌包括山東在內(nèi)的諸省官軍剿捻。曾國藩采用河防之策,后來李鴻章繼承這一策略并完善之,最終于1868年在山東茌平地方剿滅捻軍。 第三章主要探討捻軍在山東活動時,山東地方官員對捻軍的防剿。山東地方官員,包括省級官員和基層官員對捻軍竄擾都有防御。省級官員主要是組織山東地方兵、勇防剿捻軍,而地方基層官員主要是組織團練,加強地方防御。此外,當捻軍在晚期深入山東腹地竄擾后,基于對地方利益的保護,山東官員在剿捻問題上與欽差大臣既有合作,更有分歧和沖突,這種分歧和沖突主要體現(xiàn)在是否要以犧牲山東地方社會的利益為代價來換取政府剿捻戰(zhàn)爭的勝利。 第四章主要是探討捻軍在山東活動時,山東普通民眾對捻軍的態(tài)度和行為。一方面,當捻軍竄擾山東時,一些民眾起而響應,或者加入捻軍,或者組織隊伍,反抗政府統(tǒng)治,這些群眾多是來自黃運沿線地區(qū),由于常年受到自然災害等多重災難的打擊,迫于生存壓力便走上與政府對抗之路。另一方面,更多的普通民眾,為了躲避戰(zhàn)亂,免受兵燹之苦,在地方士紳的帶領下,紛紛組織團練,以此保衛(wèi)桑梓。山東地方士紳在捻軍竄擾期間,在溝通政府與民眾之間共同御捻、在維系地方社會之穩(wěn)定等方面發(fā)揮著重要作用。 總之,晚清時期捻軍入魯對當時的山東社會產(chǎn)生了較大影響。捻軍曾數(shù)次大規(guī)模竄擾山東,捻軍所到之處,地方社會飽受戰(zhàn)亂之苦。捻軍被清政府平息后,政府通過采取獎敘出力官員和褒獎地方忠烈,重整地方政權機構(gòu),完善社會保障等措施,以期恢復地方正常社會秩序。山東地方社會在平定捻軍后經(jīng)歷著一場變革。
[Abstract]:Xianjun was an armed force active in Huanghuai area in the same period of the late Qing Dynasty, which posed a great threat to the Qing government. Shandong is also one of the main battlefields of the activities of the Nian Army. After 1860, it often disturbed Shandong on a large scale, especially in 1861 and 1867, it went deep into the hinterland of Shandong, which had a great impact on the society of Shandong. The article is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is mainly about the social situation of Shandong during the period of Daoxian. Mainly from the humanities and social levels, with political, economic and natural disasters as the starting point, the background of the activities of the Xiujun in Shandong is described, which is considered to be the corruption under the rule of the Qing government. The aggravation of economic exploitation and the strike of natural disaster make it possible for the twisting army in Shandong Province to harass all the year round. The second chapter mainly narrates the activities of the Nian Army in Shandong and the Qing government's process of calming down the Nian Army. The activities of Nian Army in Shandong can be divided into four stages: Xianfeng period, Sanghelin period, Zeng Guofan period and Li Hongzhang period. During the Xianfeng period, the Xianjun invaded the western part of Shandong Province on a small scale. During this period, the Qing government mainly ordered the local officials to do their best to suppress the rebels in their own territory. From 1860 to 1868, the Nian Army frequently harassed Shandong on a large scale. In 1861 and 1867, the Nian Army had twice penetrated into the hinterlands of Shandong, including the Jiaodong region, and the Qing government was trying to solve the problem of the Jiao Jun at an early date. During this period, Sanghrenqin, Zeng Guofan, and Li Hongzhang were appointed as ministers of suppression, coordinating the suppression of all provincial officials and armies, including Shandong. Zeng Guofan adopted the strategy of river control, which Li Hongzhang succeeded and perfected, and finally eliminated the twist army in Chiping, Shandong province in 1868. The third chapter mainly discusses the anti-suppression by local officials in Shandong. Local officials in Shandong, including provincial officials and grassroots officials, are defensive against the intrusions of the Nian Army. Provincial officials mainly organize local troops in Shandong province, and local grass-roots officials mainly organize regiment training to strengthen local defense. In addition, when the Nian Army went deep into the hinterland of Shandong in the late period, because of the protection of local interests, Shandong officials not only cooperated with the Imperial Minister on the suppression of twist, but also had differences and conflicts. The differences and conflicts are mainly reflected in whether to sacrifice the interests of local society in Shandong Province for the victory of the government's war of suppression. The fourth chapter mainly discusses the attitude and behavior of ordinary people in Shandong. On the one hand, when the Nian Army scrambled to disturb Shandong, some people responded. They either joined the Army or organized a contingent to resist government rule. Most of these people came from areas along the Yellow River and were hit by disasters such as natural disasters all the year round. Under pressure to survive, he embarked on the road of confrontation with the government. On the other hand, more ordinary people, in order to avoid the war, under the leadership of the local gentry, organized a regiment to defend Zi Sang. The local gentry in Shandong played an important role in the communication between the government and the people and in maintaining the stability of the local society. In a word, the late Qing Dynasty had a great influence on Shandong society. Twist army has several large-scale harassment of Shandong, where the twist army, local society suffered from the war. After the Qing government quelled the Nian Army, the government took measures to restore the local normal social order by offering awards to the officials and giving praise to the local loyal martyrs, reforming the local political institutions, and perfecting the social security system. Shandong local society is experiencing a revolution after calming down the twisting army.
【學位授予單位】：山東師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K254.41

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