發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-28 12:57

  本文選題：抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期 + 重慶��； 參考：《重慶師范大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】： 隨著抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)形勢(shì)的發(fā)展,國(guó)民政府西遷重慶,重慶成為了戰(zhàn)時(shí)首都。為了摧毀中國(guó)抗戰(zhàn)的后方基地,動(dòng)搖大后方人民的抗日意志,迫使重慶國(guó)民政府投降,1938年12月2日,日本裕仁天皇下令對(duì)重慶實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略轟炸。這樣日本對(duì)抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期的首都重慶開始了長(zhǎng)達(dá)5年半之久的戰(zhàn)略大轟炸。重慶大轟炸是抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期日本法西斯在中國(guó)制造的血腥暴行之一,其轟炸時(shí)間之長(zhǎng)、次數(shù)之多、造成人員傷亡和財(cái)產(chǎn)損失之慘重舉世震驚,給重慶人民造成了極其慘重的災(zāi)難。 在沒有實(shí)力與日軍正面空中作戰(zhàn)的情況下,國(guó)民政府被迫把防空重心轉(zhuǎn)向了消極防御。利用重慶特有的地理?xiàng)l件,修筑了防空洞、大隧道等許多的消極防空設(shè)施。隨著日機(jī)轟炸的日益頻繁,為了配合解決市區(qū)一般市民和流動(dòng)人口空襲避難場(chǎng)所嚴(yán)重不足的問題,重慶市防空司令部于1938年8月1日設(shè)立隧道工程處,在密集的市區(qū)修建公共防空大隧道。1940年夏,重慶防空當(dāng)局于是決定將局部溝通了的隧道分段提前開放。由于尚未竣工,內(nèi)部設(shè)備十分簡(jiǎn)陋,通風(fēng)設(shè)施不足,空氣流通不暢,照明全是煤油壁燈,安全隱患嚴(yán)重。 1941年6月5日下午6時(shí)左右,重慶上空突然空襲警報(bào)長(zhǎng)鳴。由于襲擊突然,疏散已經(jīng)來不及,因此,當(dāng)日在涌入大隧道里避難的人和行李比往日要多得多。當(dāng)晚敵人采用小批量的輪番轟炸,整個(gè)空襲長(zhǎng)達(dá)5個(gè)多小時(shí)。在防空洞中躲避空襲的人們氧氣不足,人們驚呼、慘叫,互相擠壓、互相踐踏,最終發(fā)生了大隧道窒息慘案。 從重慶大隧道窒息慘案發(fā)生至今,關(guān)于慘案的死亡人數(shù)問題上還是眾說紛紜,本文通過史料分析大隧道的容量,及慘案的存活率,否定了幾百人和上萬人等不合實(shí)際的說法,最后得出慘案死亡人數(shù)應(yīng)為1115人到2000人之間。并通過分析得出大隧道慘案發(fā)生的原因是多方面的,包括當(dāng)晚的日機(jī)的輪番疲勞轟炸、避難群眾的安全應(yīng)急知識(shí)缺乏、大隧道的建設(shè)與管理、組織救護(hù)等各方面的問題。 大隧道慘案的發(fā)生引起了國(guó)內(nèi)外多家新聞媒體的關(guān)注。許多社會(huì)團(tuán)體及個(gè)人也發(fā)出了自己的聲音對(duì)慘案表示同情和關(guān)注。受害者家屬上書請(qǐng)?jiān)敢螽?dāng)局妥善處理慘案。重慶市臨時(shí)參議會(huì)積極督促當(dāng)局要求嚴(yán)查此案。慘案發(fā)生后國(guó)民政府對(duì)此案進(jìn)行了調(diào)查與善后,加強(qiáng)了對(duì)防空洞等防空設(shè)施的改善和對(duì)防空洞管理的改進(jìn),也取得了一定成效。本文就重慶大隧道慘案發(fā)生的背景、經(jīng)過、死亡人數(shù)、原因、影響等各方面進(jìn)行了詳實(shí)的研究,并總結(jié)了大隧道慘案留下的許多重要的歷史啟示。
[Abstract]:With the development of the anti-Japanese war situation, the national government moved west to Chongqing, Chongqing became the wartime capital. In order to destroy the rear base of the Chinese War of Resistance against Japan, shake the will of the people in the rear area and force the Chongqing National Government to surrender, on December 2, 1938, Emperor Hirohito of Japan ordered the strategic bombing of Chongqing. In this way, the Japanese capital, Chongqing during the War of Resistance, began a five-and a-half-year strategic bombing. The bombing of Chongqing was one of the bloody atrocities committed by Japanese fascists in China during the Anti-Japanese War. The long time and the number of such bombings shocked the world by causing casualties and property losses. It caused a terrible disaster to the people of Chongqing. Without the power to fight the Japanese in the air, the national government was forced to shift its air-defense focus to passive defense. Using the unique geographical conditions of Chongqing, many negative air defense facilities have been built, such as bomb shelters, large tunnels and so on. With the increasing frequency of Japanese bombing, in order to solve the problem of serious shortage of air raid shelters for urban residents and migrants, the Chongqing Air Defense Command set up the Tunnel Agency on August 1, 1938. In the summer of 1940, Chongqing air defense authorities decided to open the partially communicated tunnel sections ahead of schedule. Since it has not yet been completed, the internal equipment is very simple, the ventilation facilities are inadequate, the air circulation is not smooth, the lighting is full of kerosene wall lamps, and the security risks are serious. On June 5, 1941, at around 6: 00 pm, A sudden air raid alarm rang out over Chongqing. As the attack suddenly made it too late to evacuate, many more people and luggage flocked to the tunnel that day. That night, the enemy used a small number of rounds of bombing, the entire airstrike lasted more than five hours. People who avoid air raids in bomb shelters lack oxygen, people shout, scream, squeeze and trample on each other, and finally suffocate the big tunnel. Since the suffocation tragedy of Chongqing Big Tunnel, there are still divergent opinions on the number of deaths in the tragedy. This paper, through analyzing the capacity of the large tunnel and the survival rate of the tragedy, denies the unrealistic claims of hundreds and tens of thousands of people. Finally, the death toll should be between 1115 and 2000. Through the analysis, it is concluded that the causes of the big tunnel tragedy are various, including the daily fatigue bombing of the night, the lack of safety emergency knowledge of the asylum masses, the construction and management of the large tunnel, the organization of rescue and so on. The tragedy of big tunnel has aroused the attention of many news media at home and abroad. Many social groups and individuals have also voiced their sympathy and concern for the tragedy. The victim's family petitioned the authorities for proper handling of the tragedy. Chongqing Provisional Senate urged the authorities to call for a strict investigation of the case. After the tragedy, the national government investigated and settled the case, strengthened the improvement of air defense facilities such as air-raid shelter and improved the management of air-raid shelter, and achieved certain results. This paper makes a detailed study on the background, course, death toll, cause and influence of the Chongqing Great Tunnel tragedy, and summarizes many important historical revelations left behind by the Great Tunnel tragedy.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：重慶師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號(hào)】：K265

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