本文選題：圓明園 + 第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭��； 參考：《遼寧師范大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：圓明園位于北京西郊?xì)v代園林薈萃之區(qū),清王朝于康熙四十八年在明代廢園基礎(chǔ)上修建而成。雍正時(shí)期圓明園不斷添置新景區(qū),乾隆皇帝時(shí)期把圓明園視為最主要的宮苑,在他長久的任期內(nèi),非常熱衷于擴(kuò)建圓明園,圓明園在此時(shí)達(dá)到了它的全盛時(shí)期。乾隆以后,圓明園的大規(guī)模擴(kuò)建隨著國力的衰退而結(jié)束,甚至連基本的維護(hù)費(fèi)用都很難維持。第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭中,英法聯(lián)軍在大沽口被清軍打敗,為了報(bào)復(fù)清王朝,英法聯(lián)軍進(jìn)犯北京城,占領(lǐng)圓明園。為了給予清帝精神上的打擊,英軍于咸豐十年九月初五日極其野蠻地縱火焚燒圓明園。經(jīng)過英法聯(lián)軍的搶掠與焚毀,圓明園遭到了嚴(yán)重的破壞,只是由于圓明園范圍遼闊,還有一部分幸免于難,尚存的建筑十三處多位于圓明園北部僻遠(yuǎn)的地方。同治十二年同治皇帝親政,翌年又是慈禧四十壽辰,于是同治皇帝便以孝順兩宮太后為名發(fā)布上諭重修圓明園。諭旨發(fā)布后遭到御史沈淮、游百川等人的反對(duì),同治皇帝一意孤行,通過斥責(zé)、罷免的方法殺一儆百,最終在同治十二年十月初八日?qǐng)A明園的重修工程正式開工。雖然工程規(guī)劃十分宏大和詳細(xì),但工程所需的費(fèi)用及材料卻是亟待解決的難題。工程費(fèi)用主要來源于王公大臣的捐輸,但是從圓明園開工至停工,官員僅捐輸了三十萬兩白銀,跟工程所需費(fèi)用相比,不過杯水車薪,無法從根本上解決費(fèi)用問題。除了此之外,工程所需的材料也同樣難求,尤其是重修圓明園工程所需的巨木。同治帝和內(nèi)務(wù)府官員采取了各種方法尋求巨木,但結(jié)果并不如人意。而且因?yàn)閷ふ夜こ趟杈弈緦?dǎo)致了李光昭案的發(fā)生,此案引起了軒然大波,反對(duì)重修圓明園的呼聲再次高漲。同治十三年七月十六日,恭親王奕鐳聯(lián)合其他大臣向同治皇帝上書陳情,最終迫使同治皇帝停止了營建工程。
[Abstract]:Old Summer Palace is located in the western suburb of Beijing, where the gardens of the past dynasties converged. The Qing Dynasty was built on the basis of the abandoned gardens of the Ming Dynasty in 48 years of Kangxi. During the Yongzheng period, Old Summer Palace continued to acquire new scenic spots. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, Old Summer Palace was regarded as the most important palace. During his long term of office, he was very keen to expand Old Summer Palace, and Old Summer Palace reached its heyday at this time. After Qianlong, the massive expansion of Old Summer Palace ended with the decline of national strength, and even basic maintenance costs were difficult to sustain. In the second Opium War, the British and French allied forces were defeated by the Qing army in Dagu Kou. In retaliation for the Qing Dynasty, the Anglo-French allied forces invaded Beijing and occupied Old Summer Palace. To inflict a mental blow on the Qing emperor, the British army set Old Summer Palace on fire with great savagery on the fifth day of September of ten years in Xianfeng. As a result of the looting and incineration of the Anglo-French coalition, Old Summer Palace was severely damaged, only because of its vast area and partly survived, with more than 13 remaining buildings located far north of Old Summer Palace. Tongzhi 12 years, the next year is Cixi 40th birthday, so the emperor in the name of filial piety and imperial empress announced a re-repair of Old Summer Palace. After the oracle was issued by Imperial Shi Shen Huai, you Baichuan and other people opposed, the emperor ruled his own way, through reprimand, recall method to make an example of a hundred, finally in Tongzhi 12 October early October 8, Old Summer Palace rehabilitation project officially started. Although the project planning is very grand and detailed, the cost and material of the project is a difficult problem to be solved. The cost of the project came mainly from the royal minister's donation, but officials donated only 302000 silver dollars from the start to the shutdown of the Old Summer Palace, which is only too small to solve the problem compared with the cost of the project. In addition to this, the materials required for the project are equally difficult to obtain, especially the giant wood needed to rebuild the Old Summer Palace project. Tongzhi Emperor and the officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs adopted various methods to seek giant trees, but the results were not satisfactory. And because the search for the necessary giant wood led to the Li Guangzhao case, the case caused a huge uproar, opposition to the reconstruction of Old Summer Palace is rising again. On July 16, 13, Prince Gong Yi radium, together with other ministers, wrote to the Emperor and finally forced the Emperor to stop the construction work.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K252

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本文編號(hào)：2058177