本文選題：清末 + 咨議局��； 參考：《中國(guó)政法大學(xué)》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：本文是以湖南咨議局為例,關(guān)于清末咨議局的一項(xiàng)實(shí)證研究。咨議局的成立是清朝預(yù)備立憲的產(chǎn)物。其時(shí)的清王朝內(nèi)憂外患,搖搖欲墜,立憲既是清王朝的救命稻草,也是西學(xué)東漸之下民眾的訴求,湖南咨議局正是在這樣的歷史背景下應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,其成立和運(yùn)作既離不開時(shí)代的大背景,也極具地方特色。湖南咨議局的成立是官、紳、民共同努力的結(jié)果,雖然選民比例占總?cè)丝诘谋壤龢O低,但畢竟是湖南歷史上第一次民主選舉,因而具有里程碑意義。湖南咨議局是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的官方機(jī)構(gòu),其議員通過復(fù)式選舉民選產(chǎn)生,且在形式上地位平等。議員通過參與提案、質(zhì)問、辯論、表決等方式行使職權(quán)。湖南咨議局采用多數(shù)決的方式集體決定問題,其議決案對(duì)巡撫具有一定的拘束力。從結(jié)構(gòu)上看,湖南咨議局具備現(xiàn)代地方議會(huì)的特征。湖南咨議局的職權(quán)依《咨議局章程》而定,它為湖南咨議局議員的參政議政提供了一片廣闊的天地。湖南咨議局行使職權(quán)有很完整的制度保障,其通過制定《議事細(xì)則》和《辦事細(xì)則》,建立起完備的工作程序和會(huì)議制度。湖南咨議局主要通過會(huì)議的方式行使職權(quán),其會(huì)議具有民主、公開的特征。議員們積極履行職責(zé),參與咨議局的參政議政活動(dòng),他們和地方官吏之間存在諸多紛爭(zhēng),其實(shí)質(zhì)是權(quán)力的再分配問題。在一些細(xì)小的問題上兩者雖然可以達(dá)成某種程度的一致,但關(guān)系到重大利益問題的時(shí)候斗爭(zhēng)就往往比較尖銳、復(fù)雜。在實(shí)際運(yùn)作當(dāng)中,雙方往往能通過利益權(quán)衡后的審慎選擇,達(dá)成相互妥協(xié)的結(jié)果。議員們對(duì)可決案的堅(jiān)持,既體現(xiàn)了他們對(duì)官場(chǎng)監(jiān)督的注重,也表現(xiàn)了他們迫切要求政治權(quán)利的欲望。通過對(duì)湖南咨議局的議決案和湖南咨議局在湖南保路運(yùn)動(dòng)、長(zhǎng)沙搶米風(fēng)潮、國(guó)會(huì)請(qǐng)?jiān)高\(yùn)動(dòng)和辛亥革命中的作為和影響來看,其具有有限的代議、政治論壇、控制和監(jiān)督政府、利益整合和合法化的功能。通過對(duì)湖南咨議局結(jié)構(gòu)、功能和運(yùn)作情況的分析,可得出這樣的結(jié)論:湖南咨議局是一種兼具有地方議會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)特征和政治協(xié)商機(jī)構(gòu)功能特征的政治實(shí)體,是代議(選舉)政治與協(xié)商政治的有機(jī)結(jié)合,參與此機(jī)構(gòu)活動(dòng)的主要是紳商階層。湖南咨議局是湖南第一個(gè)官方性的民意機(jī)構(gòu),在湖南的民主政治史上占有重要地位,從歷史的眼光來看,其真正意義在于對(duì)民主制度的傳播。湖南咨議局的歷史是清末憲政改革失敗的一個(gè)縮影,其對(duì)于我們的啟示是多方面的。
[Abstract]:This paper is an empirical study on the Bureau of the State of the Union in the late Qing Dynasty. The establishment of the Council of the Union was the product of the preparation of the constitution in the Qing Dynasty. At that time, the Qing Dynasty was faltering with internal and external troubles. Constitutionalism was not only the lifeline of the Qing Dynasty, but also the appeal of the people under the spread of Western learning to the east. It was precisely against such a historical background that the Hunan Provincial Council of the Union came into being. Its establishment and operation can not be separated from the background of the times, but also extremely local characteristics. The establishment of the Hunan Provincial Council is the result of the joint efforts of officials, gentry and people. Although the proportion of voters in the total population is extremely low, it is the first democratic election in the history of Hunan, thus having a milestone significance. Hunan Provincial Council is an independent official body, its members elected through double elections, and in formal equal status. MPs exercise their powers by taking part in bills, interrogations, debates, votes, etc. Hunan Provincial Council adopts the method of majority decision, and its resolution has a certain binding force on the governor. From the structural point of view, Hunan Provincial Council has the characteristics of modern local councils. The functions and powers of the Hunan Provincial Council of the Union are determined by the Constitution of the Bureau of the Union, which provides a wide field for the members of the Council of the Union of Hunan to participate in the administration. The exercise of the functions and powers of the Hunan Provincial Council of the Union is guaranteed by a complete system, which establishes a complete working procedure and a meeting system through the formulation of the rules of procedure and the rules for handling matters. Hunan Provincial Bureau of the State of the Union exercises its functions and powers mainly by means of meetings, and its meetings are characterized by democracy and openness. Members of Parliament actively perform their duties and participate in the political activities of the Council of the Union. There are many disputes between them and local officials, the essence of which is the redistribution of power. Although they can reach a certain degree of agreement on some minor issues, the struggle is often sharp and complicated when it comes to major interests. In practice, both sides can reach the result of compromise through careful choice after weighing their interests. MPs' insistence on the resolution reflects both their emphasis on officialdom and their eagerness for political rights. Through the resolutions of the Hunan Provincial Council of the Union and the actions and influences of the Hunan Provincial Council in the campaign to protect roads in Hunan, the Changsha Rice Rush, the Congressional petition Movement and the Revolution of 1911, it has limited representation, political forums, control and supervision of the government, The function of interest integration and legalization. Based on the analysis of the structure, function and operation of the Bureau of the State of the Union of Hunan, we can draw such a conclusion: the Bureau of the State of the Union of Hunan is a political entity with the characteristics of the structure of the local council and the function of the political consultation organization. It is the organic combination of representative (election) politics and deliberative politics, and it is mainly the gentry and business class who participate in this organization. Hunan State Council is the first official public opinion organization in Hunan, which occupies an important position in Hunan's democratic political history. From the historical point of view, its real significance lies in the spread of democratic system. The history of Hunan State Council is a microcosm of the failure of constitutional reform in the late Qing Dynasty.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K257

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