發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-21 19:43

  本文選題：民國(guó)初年 + 熱河��； 參考：《河北大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：民國(guó)時(shí)期熱河地區(qū)地處邊陲,常年處于各派軍閥混戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)奪之中。中央政令不行,法律亦是效力全失。自清末年至民初,熱河地區(qū)軍政費(fèi)用卻異常龐大,而該地區(qū)向來(lái)財(cái)源匱乏,軍政費(fèi)用難以為繼,于是各派系軍閥均視?shū)f片為其最大利源。尤其在袁世凱死后,北洋軍閥分裂為多個(gè)派系,中央權(quán)威衰落。其后的歷任熱河都統(tǒng)更是擁兵自重、割據(jù)一方。在軍閥的包庇下,民間私種成風(fēng)、鴉片種植面積迅速擴(kuò)大,軍閥藉此從中抽收煙稅,充當(dāng)軍政費(fèi)用。對(duì)于軍閥政權(quán)來(lái)說(shuō),財(cái)源是其擁兵自重的根本。湯玉麟時(shí)期,熱河地區(qū)鴉片種植遍及全省,并且設(shè)立了負(fù)責(zé)管理鴉片事宜的專(zhuān)門(mén)機(jī)構(gòu)——“熱河禁煙總局”。由該機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)全省范圍內(nèi)的鴉片種植、收稅等。由于政府抽收的鴉片捐稅日益繁重,致使熱河農(nóng)業(yè)、商業(yè)等日益蕭條,出現(xiàn)農(nóng)戶大量逃忘現(xiàn)象,而熱河地區(qū)的軍、政費(fèi)用又始終無(wú)法擺脫對(duì)鴉片捐稅的依賴(lài),于是無(wú)論是民間還是政府都對(duì)鴉片有著嚴(yán)重的依賴(lài)。農(nóng)民為了擺脫貧困而種植鴉片,政府從中抽取重稅。農(nóng)民為抵補(bǔ)稅收,于是不斷擴(kuò)大種植面積,而政府以此不斷加重鴉片捐稅。農(nóng)民從而衍變?yōu)椤霸椒N越窮,越窮越種”、政府則變成“越征越重、越重越征”的局面。于是形成惡性循環(huán),二者互為因果,相互依存,可以說(shuō)近代熱河社會(huì)的落后與鴉片的泛濫有著直接的關(guān)系。 本文共分4部分: 第一部分,對(duì)罌粟傳入熱河地區(qū)的時(shí)間、種植情況以及清末熱河地區(qū)禁煙政策進(jìn)行探討。明確罌粟傳入熱河的時(shí)間范圍和該地區(qū)此一時(shí)期罌粟種植面積情況。 第二部分,對(duì)民國(guó)建立后熱河地區(qū)的鴉片禁政、開(kāi)禁時(shí)間以及種植、販運(yùn)走私情況進(jìn)行分析。明確熱河鴉片開(kāi)禁時(shí)間、種植情況上的變化以及各類(lèi)販運(yùn)走私情形。 第三部分,熱河地區(qū)鴉片泛濫在湯玉麟主政時(shí)期達(dá)到高潮。本部分內(nèi)容是對(duì)湯玉麟時(shí)期熱河地區(qū)的各類(lèi)鴉片政策進(jìn)行分析,對(duì)此一時(shí)期鴉片種植面積及鴉片收入做出推斷。 第四部分,主要分析鴉片泛濫給熱河地區(qū)社會(huì)造成的各種影響。
[Abstract]:In the period of the Republic of China, the Jehol area was located in the border area, and was in the scramble of various warlords all the year round. The central government order is not good, and the law is totally ineffective. From the late Qing Dynasty to the beginning of the Republic of China, the military and government expenses in the Jehol area were extremely large, but the region was always short of money, and the military and government expenses could not be sustained, so the warlords of all factions regarded opium as their greatest profit source. Especially after Yuan Shikai's death, the Northern warlords split into factions and central authority declined. Since then, all the successive Jehol is the support of the armed forces and respect, the separation of one side. Under the cover of warlords, private cultivation became popular, opium growing area expanded rapidly, and warlords took advantage of it to collect tobacco tax and serve as military and administrative expenses. For the warlord regime, the source of money is the root of its military self-respect. In the period of Tang Yu-lin, the Jehol region was cultivated all over the province, and set up a special organization in charge of opium management, the General Administration of Tobacco Prohibition. The agency is responsible for opium cultivation, taxation, and so on throughout the province. Owing to the increasing burden of opium tax collected by the government, the agriculture and commerce of Jehol became increasingly depressed, and a large number of farmers fled and forgot, and the military and government expenses in the Jehol region were always unable to get rid of their dependence on opium taxes. Therefore, both the civil and the government are heavily dependent on opium. In order to get rid of poverty and grow opium, the government takes heavy taxes from it. Farmers to cover the tax, so that the growing area, and the government continues to increase opium taxes. As a result, the peasants became "poorer and poorer," and the government became "more and more, more and more." Therefore, a vicious circle was formed, the two being causality and interdependence. It can be said that the backwardness of modern Jehol society has a direct relationship with the spread of opium. This paper is divided into four parts: the first part, the introduction of opium poppy into Jehe region, cultivation situation and smoking control policy in the end of Qing Dynasty. To determine the time range of opium poppy into Jehol and the area of opium poppy cultivation in this period. The second part analyzes the regime of opium ban, the time of opening ban, cultivation and smuggling after the establishment of the Republic of China. Clear about the opening and banning time of opium, the change of cultivation situation and various kinds of trafficking and smuggling situation. The third part, the flood of opium in Jehol region reached its climax during the reign of Tang Yu-lin. This part is to analyze all kinds of opium policies during the period of Tang Yu-lin, and to infer the area of opium cultivation and the income of opium in this period. The fourth part mainly analyzes the influence of opium flooding on the society in Jehol region.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K258;F326.12

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 王晶;民國(guó)初期喀喇沁地區(qū)鴉片問(wèn)題研究[D];內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué);2012年

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本文編號(hào)：2049797