本文選題：美國(guó) + 援華政策　； 參考：《安徽大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：美中關(guān)系的研究一直是國(guó)際關(guān)系中研究的重點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn)。在美中關(guān)系二百多年的發(fā)展歷程中,抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期的那一段更可稱得上是重中之重,因?yàn)樗钌畹赜绊懥巳蘸竺乐嘘P(guān)系,甚至是整個(gè)國(guó)際局勢(shì)的走勢(shì)。 而這一時(shí)期美中關(guān)系,美國(guó)對(duì)華援助作為一個(gè)“支點(diǎn)”,基本貫穿了整個(gè)抗戰(zhàn)時(shí)期。美國(guó)對(duì)華援助不僅僅只是出于人道主義方面的考慮,根本的緣由是出于其對(duì)自身國(guó)家利益的考量。那么日本、蘇聯(lián)兩大國(guó)在美國(guó)對(duì)華援助的過程中,就成為不得不加以考慮的因素。美國(guó)、日本、蘇聯(lián)三國(guó)在中國(guó)以及遠(yuǎn)東的利益休戚相關(guān),因此,在美國(guó)對(duì)華采取一系列援助措施的過程中,日、蘇兩國(guó)不管是主觀上,還是客觀上都成了美中關(guān)系中繞不開的因素,對(duì)此必須加以考慮和重視。 從“盧溝橋事變”開始到太平洋戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā),美國(guó)援華政策經(jīng)歷了從中立觀望到有限援華這么一個(gè)過程。由于日美之間的巨大利益關(guān)系,在中國(guó)全面抗戰(zhàn)伊始,美國(guó)只是采取了“中立”的態(tài)度,對(duì)中國(guó)國(guó)民政府提出的援助要求也“視若無睹”。但是隨著日本侵略政策的轉(zhuǎn)變,由“北進(jìn)”轉(zhuǎn)而“南進(jìn)”,將矛頭直指美(英)的利益所在地——南太平洋、東南亞地區(qū)。這讓美國(guó)不得不改變其對(duì)外政策——由當(dāng)初的縱容日本侵華轉(zhuǎn)為有限援華,希望此舉能遏制住日本的侵略勢(shì)頭。這一時(shí)期內(nèi),美日之間的矛盾沖突在美援華過程中起到了主要作用,蘇聯(lián)對(duì)華政策的轉(zhuǎn)變以及美蘇之間的矛盾起到了次要作用。 太平洋戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)初期,日本暫時(shí)對(duì)美取得戰(zhàn)略上的優(yōu)勢(shì)。美英確定的“先歐后亞”戰(zhàn)略,將戰(zhàn)略重點(diǎn)放在歐洲,亞洲次之。這客觀上奠定了美英的全球軍事戰(zhàn)略布局,即美英將大部分精力放在歐洲,而在亞洲太平洋地區(qū)必然抽不出更多的精力,只能采取守勢(shì),維持住太平洋地區(qū)的戰(zhàn)略防線。而中國(guó)就是這一戰(zhàn)略防御體系中一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的軍事基地,因此在軍事上的意義可想而知。美國(guó)要想穩(wěn)住太平洋地區(qū)的局勢(shì),必然要加強(qiáng)中國(guó)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)的重要性。因此美國(guó)加強(qiáng)了對(duì)中國(guó)的軍事、經(jīng)濟(jì)援助,也迅速地同中國(guó)結(jié)成了軍事同盟關(guān)系。 1943年2月,斯大林格勒保衛(wèi)戰(zhàn)取得全面勝利的同時(shí),也標(biāo)志著世界反法西斯戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)進(jìn)入轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。美國(guó)此時(shí)的的對(duì)華政策有兩個(gè)目標(biāo)：一是保證國(guó)民政府對(duì)日進(jìn)行有效地共同作戰(zhàn)；二是在戰(zhàn)時(shí)和戰(zhàn)后為了籌建國(guó)際組織和在東方實(shí)現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定和繁榮,承諾要把中國(guó)建設(shè)成為一個(gè)與蘇、英、美西方三大盟國(guó)具有同等地位的大國(guó)。顯而易見,美國(guó)要把中國(guó)抬上大國(guó)的寶座。美國(guó)此舉的目的也很明確：首先,從戰(zhàn)時(shí)來看,支持中國(guó)成為大國(guó)有助于對(duì)日作戰(zhàn)。美國(guó)可以通過提高中國(guó)的國(guó)際地位來增強(qiáng)中美之間的團(tuán)結(jié),鼓舞中國(guó)人民的士氣,特別是1943年底美國(guó)廢除了排華法案這一舉措。中國(guó)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)的軍事地位也是“美國(guó)使中國(guó)成為大國(guó)”考量的重要因素。另外,也將更加方便對(duì)中國(guó)進(jìn)行援助活動(dòng)。其次,從戰(zhàn)后來看,讓中國(guó)成為大國(guó)有助于美國(guó)在戰(zhàn)后遠(yuǎn)東地區(qū)抗衡和制約蘇聯(lián)。這時(shí)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)局基本已定,日本必將戰(zhàn)敗,英法也因戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)而元?dú)獯髠?他們?cè)谶h(yuǎn)東、太平洋地區(qū)的殖民地也將隨之消之殆盡。這樣在遠(yuǎn)東地區(qū)必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)真空地帶。而讓中國(guó)填補(bǔ)這一真空地帶是最合適不過的了。美國(guó)塑造中國(guó)的大國(guó)形象,就是為了將來“成為抵消蘇聯(lián)的有用的平衡力量”。 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)末期,蘇聯(lián)在二戰(zhàn)中軍事實(shí)力得到很大的提升,美國(guó)整體的實(shí)力也更進(jìn)一步。美蘇都認(rèn)識(shí)到戰(zhàn)后的世界局勢(shì)將由他們兩巨頭操縱。在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束前后,美蘇兩國(guó)一致認(rèn)為合作要比競(jìng)爭(zhēng)更加重要,對(duì)兩國(guó)的發(fā)展也將更加有利。美國(guó)一方面希望蘇聯(lián)參加對(duì)日本的最后一戰(zhàn),這樣可以減少自己不必要的人力和物力損失。但另一方面,美國(guó)又害怕蘇聯(lián)借此在遠(yuǎn)東的勢(shì)力和影響力進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng),美國(guó)還擔(dān)心蘇聯(lián)會(huì)利用中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨在解放區(qū)“大做文章”。蘇聯(lián)方面則希望徹底擊敗日本,穩(wěn)固和擴(kuò)大自己在遠(yuǎn)東和東北亞地區(qū)的利益。此外,蘇聯(lián)對(duì)中國(guó)的興趣也由來已久。因此美蘇兩國(guó)便達(dá)成了雙方利益互惠的《雅爾塔協(xié)定》。 隨著戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束時(shí)間的日益臨近,美蘇的戰(zhàn)時(shí)同盟關(guān)系也開始松動(dòng)。美蘇在遠(yuǎn)東地區(qū)的矛盾沖突越來越大。但是,由于美國(guó)缺乏足夠的軍事力量,無法改變蘇聯(lián)在遠(yuǎn)東局勢(shì)中的有利地位。美國(guó)只能將希望寄托在“已經(jīng)腐朽透頂”的蔣介石身上。美國(guó)一邊準(zhǔn)備在戰(zhàn)后援助國(guó)民黨政府,以進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)國(guó)民政府的實(shí)力。另一方面,美國(guó)希望共產(chǎn)黨能在蔣介石國(guó)民政府的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下,成立一個(gè)親美的統(tǒng)一的中國(guó),從而讓這樣的一個(gè)親美的中國(guó)在遠(yuǎn)東地區(qū)來制衡蘇聯(lián)。 不過,美國(guó)將寶完全壓在一個(gè)“沒有任何希望的政府”身上,結(jié)果可想而知——“美國(guó)失去了中國(guó)”,其扶蔣反共政策最終破產(chǎn)。
[Abstract]:The study of the relationship between the United States and China has always been the focus and hot spot in the international relations. During the more than 200 year development of the US China relations, the period of the war of resistance against the United States and China could be regarded as the top priority, because it deeply affected the future relations between the United States and China, and even the trend of the international situation.
In this period, the U. S. - China relations, the American aid to China as a "fulcrum", basically run through the entire period of the war of resistance. The American aid to China is not only a humanitarian consideration, but the fundamental reason is its consideration of its own national interests. Then, Japan, the two great powers of the United States of the United States in the United States in the process of assistance to China in the United States, For the factors that have to be considered, the interests of the United States, Japan and the Soviet Union are closely related to the interests of China and the Far East. Therefore, in the course of a series of aid measures taken by the United States to China, Japan and the Soviet Union, both subjective and objective, have become an inseparable factor in the relationship between the United States and China, which must be taken into consideration and attention.
From the beginning of the "Lugou Bridge incident" to the outbreak of the Pacific War, the United States policy of China's aid to China has experienced a process from neutrality to limited aid to China. Because of the great interest relations between Japan and the United States, the United States has only adopted a "neutral" attitude at the beginning of the war of resistance in China. But with the change of Japanese aggression policy, the shift from "North" to "south" is directed at the location of the interests of the United States - the South Pacific and the Southeast Asia. This makes the United States have to change its foreign policy - from the initial connivance to the Japanese invasion to China, and hope that this will contain the Japanese aggression. During this period, the conflict between the United States and Japan played a major role in the process of us aid to China, the change of the Soviet policy to China and the contradiction between the United States and the Soviet Union played a secondary role.
In the early days of the Pacific War, Japan had a strategic advantage for the United States. The strategy of "pre European and post Asia" established by the United States and Britain put the strategic emphasis on Europe and Asia. This objectively laid the global military strategic layout of the United States and Britain, that is, the United States and Britain put most of their energy in Europe, and the Asia and the Pacific must not draw more energy. We can only take the defensive and maintain the strategic line of the Pacific region. China is a vital military base in this strategic defense system, so the significance of the military is imaginable. The United States is bound to strengthen the importance of the Chinese battlefield in order to stabilize the situation in the Pacific region. Financial aid also quickly formed a military alliance with China.
At the same time, in February 1943, the war of defense of Stalingrad achieved a comprehensive victory. It also marked the turning point of the world anti fascist war. At this time, the US policy towards China has two goals: one is to ensure the effective and effective joint operation of the national government to Japan, and the two is to build an international organization and to achieve stability in the East during the war and after the war. Prosperity, promise to build China into a big country with the same status as the three major allies of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States and the West. It is clear that the United States will lift China into the throne of the great powers. The purpose of this is clear: first, in wartime, supporting China to become a great power is helpful to Japan. The United States can improve China by improving China's state. To strengthen the solidarity between China and the United States and encourage the morale of the Chinese people, especially in the end of 1943, the United States abolished the act of the exclusion of China. The military status of the Chinese battlefield is also an important factor in the "us making China a big country". In addition, it will also be more convenient for China to aid activities. Secondly, from the post-war perspective, let the China be in the middle of the war. As a big country, it will help the United States to counterbalance and restrict the Soviet Union in the post-war Far East. At this time, the outcome of the war is basically fixed, Japan will be defeated, and the British and French are also badly injured by the war. They will also disappear in the Far East and the Pacific region. This will inevitably lead to a vacuum in the Far East. The vacuum zone is the most appropriate. The United States portrays the image of China's great power in order to "become a useful balance force to counteract the Soviet Union" in the future.
At the end of the war, the military strength of the Soviet Union was greatly enhanced in World War II and the United States was more powerful. Both the United States and the Soviet Union realized that the post-war world situation would be manipulated by their two giants. In the end of the war, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed that cooperation was more important than competition and would be more advantageous to the development of the two countries. In the hope of the Soviet Union participating in the final war on Japan, it could reduce unnecessary human and material losses. On the other hand, the United States was afraid that the Soviet Union would further strengthen its power and influence in the Far East, and the United States also feared that the Soviet Union would use the Communist Party of China to "do a great deal" in Jiefang District. Japan has secured and expanded its interests in the Far East and Northeast Asia. In addition, the Soviet Union's interest in China has been long. Therefore, the United States and the Soviet Union have reached the Yalta agreement, which is mutually beneficial for both sides.
As the end of the war draws near, the Soviet Union's wartime alliance has begun to loose. The conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union is growing in the Far East. However, the lack of sufficient military forces in the United States can not change the Soviet Union's advantage in the Far East. The United States can only trust Jiang Jieshi to be "decayed". On the other hand, the United States hopes that the Communist Party, under the leadership of Jiang Jieshi's national government, will set up a pro american and unified China, so that such a pro beautiful China will be able to balance the Soviet Union in the Far East.
However, the United States was completely pressed on a "government without any hope", and it was conceivable that "the United States lost China", and the policy of helping Chiang's anti Communist Party was finally bankrupt.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K265

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