發(fā)布時間：2018-06-10 08:03

  本文選題：貿(mào)易政策 + 統(tǒng)制��； 參考：《江西財經(jīng)大學》2010年博士論文

【摘要】： 抗日戰(zhàn)爭時期貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制政策的產(chǎn)生并非偶然,有其深刻而特殊的歷史背景,具備必然性和必要性。縱觀戰(zhàn)前數(shù)十年的貿(mào)易狀況,不僅逆差持續(xù)數(shù)額驚人,而且貿(mào)易結(jié)構(gòu)畸形發(fā)展,作為農(nóng)業(yè)國家,農(nóng)產(chǎn)品輸入數(shù)額巨大；貧窮國家,奢侈品輸入數(shù)量過多；落后國家,機器設(shè)備輸入比例太小。同時,戰(zhàn)前中國貿(mào)易主權(quán)被外商操縱,主要商品進出口以及輔助國際貿(mào)易的各項事業(yè)均受制于人,國人不能自主。造成戰(zhàn)前貿(mào)易衰頹的主要原因,首先在于列強倚恃不平等條約對中國進行大肆商品傾銷；其次在于政府捐稅繁雜保護乏力；再次在于工商企業(yè)自身產(chǎn)業(yè)落后經(jīng)營無方。 面對貿(mào)易衰頹的危害,戰(zhàn)前精英階層圍繞著貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制的可能性與可行性進行了系統(tǒng)深入的探討。要求政府進行嚴格的貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制,以求挽回權(quán)益、維持進出口平衡,逐漸成為社會的主流認識。日本大舉侵華后,戰(zhàn)時急需的物品僅憑國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)顯然不足以保障戰(zhàn)時供應,大量軍需品自海外源源購入成為持續(xù)抗戰(zhàn)的必要條件,而外匯和黃金儲備的有限及海外僑胞匯款的減少,難以滿足戰(zhàn)時巨額購買的需求；同時,國難面前政府進行了戰(zhàn)時政治經(jīng)濟體制的全面調(diào)整,這些都使得貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制勢在必行。在此情形下,貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制配合整體經(jīng)濟政策產(chǎn)生,并在戰(zhàn)爭初期迅速確立。 戰(zhàn)時貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制是全面而動態(tài)的,從貿(mào)易的經(jīng)營權(quán)而言,國營貿(mào)易與商營貿(mào)易并行,國營貿(mào)易是統(tǒng)制的高級階段,而商營貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制是初級階段；從貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制的時段而言,抗戰(zhàn)前期側(cè)重于獲取外匯,即配合外匯政策開展貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制；后期側(cè)重于對戰(zhàn)爭物資的爭取,即配合物資政策控制進出口。 商營貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制中,為調(diào)控物資進出,鼓勵優(yōu)勢產(chǎn)品的出口、限制非必需品的進口,是抗戰(zhàn)前期直接貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制政策法規(guī)涵蓋的重要內(nèi)容；為配合掌控外匯的宗旨,出口外匯售結(jié)政策及進口外匯請核政策隨之出臺,政府對外匯進出實施了全面配套管制,并且隨著局勢的演變進行相應的調(diào)整。太平洋戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)后,因國外援助及貸款的增加,外匯需求有所緩解；同時因日本的嚴密封鎖,物資進出口困難,使得爭取物資成為這一階段貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制的核心目標,鼓勵抗戰(zhàn)所需物資進口、限制物資出口和對敵進行經(jīng)濟封鎖成為統(tǒng)制商營貿(mào)易的主題。 抗戰(zhàn)初期,商營貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制過程中政府與商民利益上的對峙,致使兩者矛盾激化,由此引發(fā)了關(guān)于國營貿(mào)易的實施條件與路徑的激烈論爭。學界對國營貿(mào)易政策的深入探討,為國民政府實施國營貿(mào)易提供了理論鋪墊。同時,在調(diào)整民營貿(mào)易的實踐中,國民政府也逐漸意識到,政府很難將組織分散、資金薄弱、經(jīng)營方式落后的商人組建成能夠應付戰(zhàn)時貿(mào)易困局的全國性民營貿(mào)易系統(tǒng)。因此,抗戰(zhàn)前期國民政府著力調(diào)整戰(zhàn)時貿(mào)易行政機構(gòu),并創(chuàng)辦三大國營貿(mào)易公司,積極樹立國營貿(mào)易體系。國營貿(mào)易政策從其運行考察,主要體現(xiàn)在統(tǒng)購統(tǒng)銷和易貨貿(mào)易兩大政策上,兩者相互配合,從內(nèi)部而言,則通過對指定的主要農(nóng)礦產(chǎn)品實施統(tǒng)購統(tǒng)銷,以配合易貨償債的進行；從外部而言,則通過種種外交努力積極達成與各國的貿(mào)易協(xié)定,為國內(nèi)物產(chǎn)外輸和國外軍火等物資內(nèi)運創(chuàng)造條件。 貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制政策因國家整體目標及戰(zhàn)時現(xiàn)實需要而產(chǎn)生,并隨著時局的變化而不斷調(diào)整,政策的實施不僅十分必要,而且是適合戰(zhàn)時環(huán)境的最佳選擇。從政策實施效果考察,總體上講利大于弊,與政策初衷基本吻合。貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制的積極作用從支持抗戰(zhàn)分析,它的實施不僅使優(yōu)勢產(chǎn)品得以集中出口,換取了大量軍需物資的輸入,極大提升了戰(zhàn)時武器裝備的性能,縮小了中日軍隊的差距；而且使抗戰(zhàn)所需的其他各項國計民生物資得以調(diào)劑補充。因此,戰(zhàn)時貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制政策為抗戰(zhàn)勝利奠定了堅實的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。從經(jīng)濟角度分析,政策的推行使得國內(nèi)局部時段、局部地域出現(xiàn)貿(mào)易出超,為平衡國際貿(mào)易發(fā)揮了較好的作用；同時也使得商品進出受到嚴格管制,改善了戰(zhàn)前進出口商品結(jié)構(gòu)畸形的狀態(tài)。當然,政策的弊病也不容忽視,戰(zhàn)時貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制的消極影響主要體現(xiàn)在,貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制機構(gòu)龐雜不一、職權(quán)交錯,弊端叢生；統(tǒng)購商品價格畸形,窒礙生產(chǎn)和貿(mào)易的發(fā)展；相關(guān)職能機構(gòu)人員徇私舞弊,禍害國家。 抗戰(zhàn)時期國民政府推行的貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制是涵蓋了政策主體、政策客體、政策目標、政策內(nèi)容和政策手段諸方面的第一次全面管制,是近代以來貿(mào)易主權(quán)興起背景下的具體實踐,是中國對外貿(mào)易史上一個劃時代的進步,對支持中國抗戰(zhàn)及逐漸擺脫半殖民地經(jīng)濟走向自主經(jīng)濟具有非常積極的意義。近代鴉片戰(zhàn)爭以來世界列強對中國發(fā)動的一系列侵略戰(zhàn)爭,其目的歸根結(jié)底在于從中國獲取超額經(jīng)濟利益,并通過貿(mào)易先導、武力護航、特權(quán)支撐這一基本模式,將中國納入其主導的經(jīng)濟體系之內(nèi),中國經(jīng)濟性質(zhì)因此逐步轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榘胫趁竦亟?jīng)濟�？箲�(zhàn)爆發(fā),戰(zhàn)爭的危急狀態(tài)迫使國民政府以本國的最大利益訴求為原則自主進行貿(mào)易統(tǒng)制,并按照現(xiàn)實需要控制進出口,調(diào)整產(chǎn)銷體制和產(chǎn)業(yè)布局,取得了貿(mào)易上的主導地位。戰(zhàn)爭的擴展及各大國的卷入,也使得各反法西斯大國從實際利益考慮,在原有駐華貿(mào)易體系被摧毀之后,為配合整體抗戰(zhàn)的需要,或被迫或主動放棄相關(guān)經(jīng)濟權(quán)益。自主的貿(mào)易體系的確立及不平等條約的廢除,使得中國經(jīng)濟已逐漸地由被動的、殖民地式的經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)到自主自立的經(jīng)濟軌道上來。
[Abstract]:The production of trade unified policy during the Anti Japanese war is not accidental, with its profound and special historical background, with necessity and necessity. In the past decades of trade, not only is the balance of the trade deficit in a surprising amount, but also the deformity of the trade structure. As an agricultural country, the input amount of agricultural products is huge; the impoverished country, the input of luxury goods. In the backward countries, the proportion of the input of machinery and equipment is too small. At the same time, China's trade sovereignty is manipulated by foreign businessmen, the main commodities import and export, and the various undertakings to assist the international trade are not independent. The main reason for the decline of the pre war trade is that the imperialist powers rely on the unequal treaties to carry out the big China. Dumping of goods, followed by the government's complex taxation and inadequate protection, and once again lie in the backwardness of industrial and commercial enterprises.
In the face of the harm of the decline of trade, the pre war elite has carried out a systematic and thorough discussion on the possibility and feasibility of trade command. It requires the government to carry out strict trade control in order to redeem the rights and interests, maintain the balance of import and export, and gradually become the mainstream understanding of the society. After the great invasion of China, the goods in need of the war in wartime are only produced by domestic production. Obviously, it is not sufficient to guarantee wartime supply, and the purchase of large quantities of munitions from the source of the sea has become a necessary condition for a sustained war of resistance, and the limited reserves of foreign exchange and gold and the reduction of remittances from overseas Chinese are difficult to meet the demand for huge purchases in wartime; at the same time, the government has carried out a comprehensive adjustment of the political and economic system in the face of the war. All these have made it possible for the government to make a comprehensive adjustment of the political and economic system in the face of war Trade control is imperative. Under such circumstances, trade control and the overall economic policy came into being and quickly established at the beginning of the war.
In wartime trade command is comprehensive and dynamic. From the business right of trade, state Trade and business camp are parallel, state trade is the advanced stage of control, and business camp is the primary stage; from the period of trade command, the earlier period of Anti Japanese war is focused on obtaining foreign exchange, that is, to cooperate with foreign exchange policy to carry out trade control; In order to control the import and export, we should strive for war materials.
In order to regulate the import of materials, encourage the export of goods, encourage the export of superior products, and restrict the import of non necessities, it is an important part of the policy and regulations of direct trade control in the early period of the Anti Japanese war. After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the foreign exchange demand has been relieved, and the tight blockade of Japan and the difficulties in import and export of materials make it the core goal of this stage to encourage the import of goods and materials for the war of resistance. Restricting the export of goods and the economic blockade against the enemy become the theme of controlled trade.
In the early period of the Anti Japanese War, the confrontation between the government and the businessmen in the process of commercial business administration led to the intensification of the two contradictions, which triggered a fierce debate on the implementation conditions and paths of the state trade. The in-depth discussion on the state trade policy in the academic circles provided the theoretical paving for the national government to implement the state trade trade. Meanwhile, the private trade was adjusted. In practice, the national government has gradually realized that it is difficult for the government to establish a nation-owned private trade system that can cope with the wartime trade predicament. Therefore, the national government in the early anti Japanese war has made an effort to adjust the wartime trade administration and set up three state-owned trading companies to actively establish a country. From its operation, the state trade policy is mainly embodied in the two policies of unified purchase and marketing and barter trade. Both of them cooperate with each other. From the internal point of view, through the implementation of the unified purchase and marketing of the designated main agricultural and mineral products in order to cooperate with the barter payment of debt; from the external part, through a variety of diplomatic efforts, it is actively reached and achieved by various diplomatic efforts. China's trade agreements create conditions for the transportation of domestic products and foreign arms.
The policy is not only necessary but also the best choice for the wartime environment because of the overall goal of the country and the actual needs of the war time. The implementation of the policy is not only necessary but also the best choice for the wartime environment. From the investigation of the effect of policy implementation, the benefits outweigh the disadvantages, and the policy is basically consistent with the original intention of the policy. The positive role of trade command is from the positive effect of trade control. In support of the Anti Japanese War analysis, its implementation not only enables the superior products to be concentrated, but also has changed the input of a large number of military supplies, greatly enhanced the performance of wartime weapons and equipment, narrowed the gap between the Chinese and Japanese troops, and supplemented the biological assets of the other countries required by the war of resistance. Therefore, the wartime trade unified policy was the Anti Japanese war. The victory laid a solid material basis. From the economic perspective, the implementation of the policy made the local period of the domestic period and the local region trade out, which played a better role in balancing the international trade. At the same time, the import and export of goods was strictly controlled and the state of the structure of the import and export commodities before the war was improved. Of course, the maladies of policy. It is also not to be ignored that the negative effects of the wartime trade command are mainly reflected in the inconsistency of the trade unified institutions, the interlacing of the power and the malpractices, the deformity of commodity prices, the development of the production and trade, and the malpractice of the relevant functional organizations for the malpractice of the state.
The trade control carried out by the national government during the Anti Japanese war is the first comprehensive control covering the main body of policy, policy object, policy objective, policy content and policy means. It is a concrete practice under the background of the rise of trade sovereignty since modern times. It is an epoch-making progress in the history of China's foreign trade and the support of China's war of resistance and gradually. It is of great significance to get rid of the semi colonial economy to the independent economy. The aim of the series of aggressive wars launched by the world powers since the modern Opium War is in the final analysis to obtain excess economic benefits from China, and to support this basic model by trade forerunner, Force Escort, and special power, and bring China into its dominant position. Within the economic system, the nature of China's economy was gradually transformed into a semi colonial economy. The war of resistance broke out. The critical state of the war forced the national government to conduct trade control independently by its own maximum interest demands, controlled import and export in accordance with the actual needs, adjusted the production and marketing system and industrial layout, and made the leading trade. The expansion of the war and the involvement of the great powers have also made the anti fascist powers consider the actual interests of the anti fascist powers. After the original Chinese trade system has been destroyed, it is forced or voluntarily to give up the relevant economic rights and interests to meet the needs of the whole war of resistance. The establishment of the independent trade system and the abolition of the unequal treaties have made the Chinese economy gradually From a passive colonial economy to an independent and self reliant economic orbit.
【學位授予單位】：江西財經(jīng)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K265

【引證文獻】

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本文編號：2002527