本文選題：民國(guó) + 漢口�。� 參考：《華中師范大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：民國(guó)時(shí)期,火患是困擾城市發(fā)展的重要因素。本文以1927年——1937年的漢口為討論中心,在考察漢口地區(qū)消防傳統(tǒng)、火災(zāi)狀況、災(zāi)情成因以及機(jī)構(gòu)組織運(yùn)作等基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)以漢口為代表的近代城市消防應(yīng)對(duì)機(jī)制進(jìn)行全面的透視與考察,希冀重構(gòu)民國(guó)時(shí)期城市市政管理的歷史圖景,客觀展示政府機(jī)構(gòu)與民間組織在具體市政事務(wù)中的交互作用以及對(duì)城市的影響,并在最后通過(guò)與國(guó)內(nèi)外代表性城市的比較分析以凸顯漢口城市消防的特點(diǎn)。 第一章對(duì)長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)火災(zāi)觀念和消防傳統(tǒng)進(jìn)行概述。中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)對(duì)于“火”的情感是很復(fù)雜的,一方面對(duì)它充滿了向往,它的光明和熱量是生活必需；另一方面又對(duì)它十分畏懼,懾于它的巨大破壞力對(duì)其敬而遠(yuǎn)之。“火災(zāi)”在歷朝歷代都是難以回避的話題,社會(huì)各個(gè)階層對(duì)此也都有自己的看法,對(duì)傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)消防理念及消防措施的總結(jié)也是近世消防事業(yè)進(jìn)步的助力之一。不同的時(shí)期對(duì)于“火患”都有不同的應(yīng)對(duì)方式,從科學(xué)技術(shù)、建筑規(guī)劃到行規(guī)例法、組織機(jī)構(gòu)等等,這不僅對(duì)時(shí)人消防產(chǎn)生作用,還影響著后世社會(huì)的發(fā)展。 漢口乃九省通衢,地理位置優(yōu)越,明中期以后漢口城市興起,防火、救火便開(kāi)始與漢口的生存息息相關(guān)。第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后,漢口也自此成為中國(guó)內(nèi)陸一個(gè)重要的通商口岸,整個(gè)城市被納入了近代化的歷程,城市工商業(yè)也開(kāi)始蓬勃發(fā)展,至清末民初,漢口已然成為與上海不相上下的工商業(yè)大都市。隨著社會(huì)的不斷發(fā)展,人們對(duì)于消防的理解以及重視程度各有不同,采取的措施也在不斷的發(fā)生變化,因此有必要對(duì)晚清以來(lái)的消防理念和措施進(jìn)行概括總結(jié)以了解這一社會(huì)事務(wù)的歷史脈絡(luò)。 第二章對(duì)于1927—1937年間漢口的城市消防情況進(jìn)行細(xì)致的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,并以代表性案例作具體觀察�；馂�(zāi)的發(fā)生都伴有各式各樣的原因,每個(gè)原因的出現(xiàn)都必然帶著所處時(shí)代的烙印。民國(guó)時(shí)期社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展進(jìn)入新的歷史階段,近代工業(yè)文明開(kāi)始深刻影響著社會(huì)生活,原有的一些生活方式和生產(chǎn)手段逐漸發(fā)生改變,因而火災(zāi)發(fā)生的緣由也顯著增多。再加上這一時(shí)期社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩以致人為縱火事件頻發(fā),在這短短十年間,所發(fā)生的火災(zāi)造成的損失世所罕見(jiàn)。文章將對(duì)這一時(shí)期的繁雜的火災(zāi)情況進(jìn)行總結(jié)、歸類,并對(duì)與消防相關(guān)的城市人口及同時(shí)段其他城市的火情進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)分析,以期總結(jié)出漢口城市火災(zāi)的一般特征。此外,本章還將選取具有代表性的事例進(jìn)行具體案例分析,以進(jìn)一步觀察城市火情的復(fù)雜性。 第三章分別從民辦和官辦兩個(gè)視角對(duì)漢口城市消防中實(shí)際存在的雙軌體制進(jìn)行詳細(xì)探討。在民國(guó)時(shí)期由于政府在社會(huì)基層權(quán)威的弱化,民辦消防的作用日趨重要。為深入了解這一時(shí)期漢口民辦消防的全貌,本章擬從組織架構(gòu)、分會(huì)監(jiān)管、設(shè)備經(jīng)費(fèi)管理、地區(qū)影響以及社會(huì)參與等五個(gè)方面來(lái)觀測(cè)民間消防組織的運(yùn)作方式與特點(diǎn)。官辦消防機(jī)構(gòu)也是這一時(shí)期城市消防力量的重要組成,本章將從發(fā)展脈絡(luò)和城市消防事務(wù)管理等方面來(lái)對(duì)其進(jìn)行探討。另外,還對(duì)將從官辦機(jī)構(gòu)的管理和官民機(jī)構(gòu)的共同參與來(lái)論述兩者交互作用,以此來(lái)觀察官民機(jī)構(gòu)在城市消防中的互動(dòng)。 第四章主要從災(zāi)前保險(xiǎn)和災(zāi)后賑濟(jì)兩個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)來(lái)考察這十年間漢口城市的消防應(yīng)對(duì)。“隱患險(xiǎn)于明火、防范勝于救災(zāi)”,對(duì)火災(zāi)的防范歷來(lái)都是城市消防管理的重要方面,近代金融業(yè)的發(fā)展使得火災(zāi)保險(xiǎn)成為漢口應(yīng)對(duì)城市火患的重要手段,本章將從火險(xiǎn)的起源、火險(xiǎn)機(jī)制的完善以及縱火圖賠防范治理等方面來(lái)觀察這一時(shí)期的城市消防應(yīng)對(duì)。對(duì)災(zāi)后賑濟(jì)則以案例觀察的形式進(jìn)行探討與分析。 第五章將選取同時(shí)期國(guó)內(nèi)外代表性城市的市政消防作比較性研究,以此來(lái)進(jìn)一步凸顯漢口城市消防的時(shí)代特點(diǎn)。在國(guó)外城市中,以政府主導(dǎo)型的東京和民間主導(dǎo)型的洛杉磯為例,觀察兩種不同市政體制下城市管理的相關(guān)差異；在國(guó)內(nèi),則以北平和上海為代表,來(lái)探討官民力量構(gòu)成比例截然不同的兩類城市對(duì)市政消防的管理情況,并以此來(lái)觀察漢口的具體特點(diǎn)。 最后,從社會(huì)發(fā)展的角度對(duì)文章論述內(nèi)容和行文目的進(jìn)行概括和關(guān)照,并在此基礎(chǔ)上提出對(duì)近代城市市政管理的幾點(diǎn)認(rèn)識(shí)。城市市政離不開(kāi)官民力量的共同參與,官方力量是城市事務(wù)的主導(dǎo),民間組織則是參與的主要力量,兩者都需要制度規(guī)范并且更需要為彼此留有合理的活動(dòng)空間,維系城市市政中官民力量的動(dòng)態(tài)平衡對(duì)城市市政管理的完善與發(fā)展具有重要意義。
[Abstract]:During the period of the Republic of China, fire disaster was an important factor that plagued the development of the city. This article took Hankou as the discussion center in 1927 and 1937. On the basis of investigating the fire fighting tradition, the fire situation, the cause of the disaster and the organization and operation of the Hankou, the paper made a comprehensive perspective and investigation on the modern urban elimination and defense mechanism represented by Hankou. The historical landscape of urban municipal administration during the period of the Republic of China was reconstructed, and the interaction between government institutions and civil organizations in the specific municipal affairs and the influence on the city were objectively displayed. In the end, the characteristics of Hankou city fire fighting were highlighted by comparison and analysis with representative cities at home and abroad.
The first chapter is an overview of the long term fire concept and fire fighting tradition. The Chinese traditional society is very complex for the emotion of fire. On the one hand, it is full of yearning, its light and heat are necessary for life; on the other hand, it is very afraid of it, and is afraid of its great breaking power. "Fire" in the past dynasties All social strata have their own views on this, and the summary of the concept of fire fighting in the traditional society is also one of the help of the progress of the fire industry in recent years. There are different ways to deal with fire in different periods, from science and technology, construction planning to practice law, organization and so on. This not only plays a role in fire prevention, but also affects the development of future society.
Hankou is the thoroughfare of the nine provinces, the geographical position is superior, the Hankou city rises after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the fire prevention and the fire rescue begin to be closely related to the survival of Hankou. After the second Opium War, Hankou has also become an important inland port in China, the whole City has been brought into the process of the near generation, and the city industry and commerce also began to flourish. At the end of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, Hankou has become an industrial and commercial metropolis with Shanghai. With the continuous development of the society, people have different understanding and attention to fire protection, and the measures taken are constantly changing. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize and summarize the ideas and measures of fire fighting since the late Qing Dynasty to understand this social matter. The historical context of affairs.
The second chapter makes a detailed statistical analysis of the city fire situation in Hankou from 1927 to 1937, and makes a specific observation with representative cases. The occurrence of the fire is accompanied by a variety of reasons. The emergence of each cause is bound to bring the brand of the times. The social economic development of the Republic of China entered a new historical stage and modern industrial literature. There is a profound influence on social life in the beginning of Ming Dynasty. The original ways of life and means of production have changed gradually, and the cause of the fire has also increased significantly. In addition, the social unrest in this period, and the frequent arson incidents in the period of ten years, is rare in the loss of the world. The complex fire situation is summed up, classified, and the fire related city population and other cities are related to the fire related analysis in order to summarize the general characteristics of Hankou city fire. In addition, this chapter will also select a representative case for specific case analysis, in order to further observe the complexity of urban fire.
In the third chapter, the dual track system in Hankou city fire fighting is discussed in detail from the two perspectives of civilian run and official office. In the period of the Republic of China, the role of the civilian run fire fighting is becoming more and more important because of the weakening of the government's authority at the grassroots level in the period of the Republic of China. In order to understand the full picture of the civilian run fire fighting in this period, this chapter is intended to be supervised from the organizational structure. The operation mode and characteristics of civil fire fighting organizations are observed in five aspects, such as the management of equipment funds, regional influence and social participation. The official fire fighting organization is also an important component of the city fire fighting force in this period. This chapter will discuss it from the development context and the management of urban fire protection affairs. The interaction between the management of the structure and the participation of the government and civil organizations is to discuss the interaction between them.
The fourth chapter mainly from two aspects of pre disaster insurance and disaster relief to investigate the Hankou city fire response in the past ten years. "Hidden dangers in open fire, prevention is better than disaster relief", and the prevention of fire has always been an important aspect of urban fire management. The development of modern financial industry made fire disaster insurance an important hand for Hankou to deal with urban fire. In this chapter, this chapter will observe the city fire response in this period from the origin of fire insurance, the perfection of the fire insurance mechanism and the prevention and control of the arson chart, and then discuss and analyze the post disaster relief in the form of case observation.
The fifth chapter will make a comparative study on the municipal fire fighting of the representative cities at the same time and abroad, in order to further highlight the characteristics of the times of Hankou city fire fighting. In the foreign cities, the government led Tokyo and the civilian dominated Losangeles is taken as an example to observe the related differences in urban management under the system of two different municipal regimes; in the domestic, On behalf of Beiping and Shanghai, the management of municipal fire fighting in two types of cities with different proportions of government and people's forces is discussed, and the specific characteristics of Hankou are observed.
Finally, from the angle of social development, this paper summarizes the contents of the article and the purpose of the article. On the basis of this, it puts forward some understanding of the urban municipal administration in modern times. The municipal administration is not separated from the joint participation of the officials and the people, the official force is the leading part of the city affairs, the inter organization is the main force of participation, both of which are needed. It is of great significance for the improvement and development of urban municipal administration to maintain a reasonable space for each other, and to maintain the dynamic balance of urban municipal government officials and people.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K262.9;TU998.1

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本文編號(hào)：1985315