本文選題：近代外交 + 始爭終讓��； 參考：《曲阜師范大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】： 對外交涉活動是中國近代史的一項(xiàng)重要內(nèi)容,積貧積弱的近代社會及其在國際關(guān)系格局中的屈辱地位決定了中國近代外交活動的艱難與復(fù)雜。晚清直至民國,中國的外交活動明顯地呈現(xiàn)出五大特征,即：在對外態(tài)度上,既蔑視西方列強(qiáng)又深深恐懼之；在對外交涉的過程中,大多未能擺脫始爭終讓的結(jié)局：在對外交涉時,很難擺脫內(nèi)外雙重困境——外部強(qiáng)敵入侵與內(nèi)部不同政治派別相互傾軋；在外交活動情感上,在飽含屈辱的同時,也始終保持著不屈不撓的抗?fàn)幘�；在外交進(jìn)程的演進(jìn)上,既被動因應(yīng),又在一定程度上借鑒西方先進(jìn)的外交策略等而漸次成熟。 中國近代外交的上述五個主要特征與中國近代社會的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化密切相關(guān)。上層統(tǒng)治階級昏庸無能,致使富有遠(yuǎn)見卓識之精英人士無法施展拯救衰落國勢之抱負(fù)；在中國傳承數(shù)千年的農(nóng)業(yè)文明更趨衰落,極大地限制了綜合國力的提升,使中國遠(yuǎn)不能適應(yīng)近代化發(fā)展諸多方面尤其是外交方面所需要的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)；文化上,為歷代帝王及其御用官吏所改造的儒家文化在全社會占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位,保守落后、因循守舊的氣息充斥于社會各個角落,成為制約中國外交近代化進(jìn)程的思想障礙；官僚行政系統(tǒng)的設(shè)置臃腫龐雜,其官吏大都人浮于事,缺乏銳意進(jìn)取的改革或創(chuàng)新精神,外交近代化的步伐勢必相當(dāng)緩慢；懷舊意識與文明古國的思想包袱,在學(xué)習(xí)并借鑒西方文明的過程中承受著異常強(qiáng)大的阻力。 中國近代外交總體失敗的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)值得總結(jié)并記取。
[Abstract]:Negotiation with foreign countries is an important part of China's modern history. The poverty and weakness of modern society and its humiliating status in the pattern of international relations determine the difficulty and complexity of China's diplomatic activities in modern times. From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, China's diplomatic activities clearly showed five characteristics, that is, in its attitude to the outside world, it disdained the Western powers and was deeply afraid, and in the process of foreign negotiations, Most of them have failed to get rid of the final outcome of the initial dispute: it is difficult to get rid of the internal and external dual dilemma in the foreign negotiations-the invasion of the external strong enemy and the internal political factions are rife with each other; in the diplomatic activities, the feelings are full of humiliation at the same time, In the evolution of the diplomatic process, both passive response and, to a certain extent, learning from the advanced western diplomatic strategies, gradually matured. The five main characteristics of Chinese modern diplomacy are closely related to the politics, economy and culture of Chinese modern society. The incompetence of the upper ruling class led to the inability of the visionary elite to carry out their ambition to save the declining country; the decline of agricultural civilization, which had been passed down for thousands of years in China, greatly restricted the promotion of comprehensive national strength. China is far from being able to adapt to the material foundation needed in many aspects of modern development, especially in foreign affairs. In culture, the Confucian culture reformed by emperors and their imperial officials occupies a dominant position in the whole society and is conservative and backward. The old-fashioned atmosphere filled every corner of the society and became an ideological obstacle restricting the process of modernization of China's diplomacy. The establishment of the bureaucratic administration system was bloated and complicated, and its officials were mostly overstaffed, lacking the spirit of enterprising reform or innovation. The pace of the modernization of diplomacy is bound to be rather slow, and nostalgia and the ideological burden of the ancient civilization bear extremely strong resistance in the process of learning and learning from Western civilization. The experience and lessons of the general failure of Chinese modern diplomacy are worth summing up and remembering.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：曲阜師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K252

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本文編號：1980543