本文選題：海原大地震 + 災(zāi)害�。� 參考：《寧夏大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：民國(guó)九年(1920)12月,甘肅省海原縣(今屬寧夏)發(fā)生了震驚中外的大地震。由于地震巨大的破壞力,給甘肅東部與南部各縣造成前所未有的損失。地震作為一種自然災(zāi)害,發(fā)生在不同的時(shí)期、不同的地區(qū),其造成的破壞程度也不盡相同。然而,在民國(guó)前期動(dòng)蕩的社會(huì)環(huán)境中,海原大地震所造成的惡劣影響遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了自然災(zāi)害的范圍。在各種因素的綜合作用下,地震不僅造成人口死亡、牲畜壓斃、道路毀壞、房屋倒塌等直接損失,而且在重災(zāi)區(qū)衍生出人民流離失所、經(jīng)濟(jì)凋敝、土匪橫行、煙毒泛濫等一系列社會(huì)問(wèn)題。地震的危害之所以嚴(yán)重,除了自然環(huán)境脆弱,土壤粘性低等自然因素以外,主要是由于社會(huì)組織能力低、經(jīng)濟(jì)條件落后、政府面對(duì)災(zāi)害的不作為以及各種社會(huì)矛盾突出等社會(huì)因素。社會(huì)因素的掣肘使得震區(qū)人民不能得到及時(shí)賑濟(jì),亦無(wú)法有效地獲得災(zāi)后重建。最終,地震帶來(lái)的危害非但沒(méi)能在短時(shí)期內(nèi)減弱或消除,反而出現(xiàn)不斷惡化的情況,致使災(zāi)區(qū)人民長(zhǎng)期陷入困頓的境地,一場(chǎng)簡(jiǎn)單的自然災(zāi)害逐漸演變成了社會(huì)性的災(zāi)荒。災(zāi)荒是“天災(zāi)”與“人禍”交替作用下的產(chǎn)物。災(zāi)害的發(fā)生雖來(lái)自于“天災(zāi)”,但饑荒的蔓延則更多地源于“人禍”。因此可以說(shuō),海原大地震及其所造成的后果,不單是一場(chǎng)純粹的自然變異,它還在一定程度上反映了自然變異背后北洋政府時(shí)期海原地區(qū)人與社會(huì)的關(guān)系。本選題以民國(guó)北洋政府時(shí)期發(fā)生的海原大地震為研究對(duì)象,著重探討由“災(zāi)”到“荒”嬗變過(guò)程中的各種因素,有助于突顯社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期人與自然關(guān)系失衡的各種原因,進(jìn)而從災(zāi)荒的角度認(rèn)識(shí)民國(guó)前期中國(guó)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)以及社會(huì)等方面的情況。歷史的經(jīng)驗(yàn)告訴我們,災(zāi)害的破壞程度往往取決于人類(lèi)社會(huì)對(duì)災(zāi)害的應(yīng)對(duì)策略及其實(shí)施情況;一個(gè)政治腐敗、經(jīng)濟(jì)凋敝、各種矛盾突出的社會(huì),顯然無(wú)法有效抵御自然災(zāi)害的侵襲,且災(zāi)害發(fā)生后,社會(huì)矛盾的激化反而會(huì)加劇災(zāi)害的危害程度,給災(zāi)區(qū)造成二次破壞。
[Abstract]:In December, Haiyuan County, Gansu Province (now Ningxia), shocked China and foreign countries. The earthquake has caused unprecedented damage to counties in the east and south of Gansu. As a kind of natural disaster, earthquake occurs in different periods and regions, and its damage degree is different. However, in the turbulent social environment in the early period of the Republic of China, the severe impact caused by the Haiyuan earthquake was far beyond the scope of natural disasters. As a result of the combined effects of various factors, the earthquake not only caused direct losses such as death of population, crushing of livestock, destruction of roads and collapse of houses, but also resulted in displacement of people, economic destitution and rampant banditry in the worst-hit areas. A series of social problems, such as the spread of tobacco and poison. In addition to natural factors such as the fragility of the natural environment and the low viscosity of the soil, the reason for the serious damage caused by the earthquake is mainly due to the low capacity of social organization and the backward economic conditions. The government faces the disaster's inaction and various social contradictions and other social factors. Social factors make it impossible for people in earthquake area to receive timely relief and effective reconstruction. Finally, the damage caused by earthquake has not been weakened or eliminated in a short period of time, on the contrary, the situation is getting worse and worse, causing the people in the disaster area to be trapped for a long time, and a simple natural disaster has gradually evolved into a social famine. Famine is the result of the alternating action of natural disaster and man-made disaster. Although the disaster comes from the natural disaster, the spread of famine is more caused by the man-made disaster. So it can be said that Haiyuan earthquake and its consequences are not only a pure natural variation, but also reflect the relationship between people and society in Haiyuan area during the period of Beiyang government. This topic takes the Haiyuan earthquake that occurred during the period of the Northern Ocean Government of the Republic of China as the research object, emphatically discusses the various factors in the process of evolution from "disaster" to "famine", which will help to highlight the various reasons for the imbalance between man and nature in the period of social transformation. From the perspective of famine, we can understand the political, economic and social situation of China in the early period of the Republic of China. Historical experience tells us that the extent of disaster destruction often depends on human society's coping strategies for disasters and their implementation; a society that is politically corrupt, economically depressed, and characterized by contradictions. Obviously, it can not resist the attack of natural disaster effectively, and after the disaster occurs, the intensification of social contradictions will aggravate the harm degree of disaster and cause secondary damage to the disaster area.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：寧夏大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K258

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