本文選題：晚清 + 近支宗室�。� 參考：《河北師范大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：過(guò)繼制度的創(chuàng)設(shè)是為應(yīng)對(duì)宗族內(nèi)可能出現(xiàn)的子嗣缺失,保障宗族財(cái)產(chǎn)在族內(nèi)傳承,維護(hù)宗族內(nèi)團(tuán)結(jié)與穩(wěn)定,避免宗族因內(nèi)耗而衰落。按照規(guī)定,成年男子無(wú)子時(shí)應(yīng)從族內(nèi)其他支派過(guò)繼子嗣以延續(xù)祭祀、血緣、社會(huì)地位。中國(guó)歷史上各朝代均對(duì)過(guò)繼立法十分重視,直到今天,有些地區(qū)在沒(méi)有男性后裔時(shí),仍然選擇以過(guò)繼子嗣的方式延續(xù)血脈。中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)以“家天下”為基本模式,宗室作為與皇帝血緣最為親近之人,日�；顒�(dòng)受政治因素影響較大。宗室成員在過(guò)繼子嗣時(shí)往往受政治因素的干擾不能完全按照官方頒布的通行天下之律條進(jìn)行;宗室雖然特殊,但其本質(zhì)仍為宗族,在過(guò)繼繼承時(shí),仍然會(huì)受到宗族因素的影響與制約。清代自咸豐帝第二子憫郡王降生后再無(wú)皇子誕生,皇子的缺失使得同治帝駕崩后,皇位傳承不得不依靠過(guò)繼才能順利進(jìn)行;而發(fā)生在光緒二十五年的“己亥建儲(chǔ)”同樣是由于皇子的缺失而導(dǎo)致。由于皇位繼承的特殊性,加之對(duì)慈禧太后的評(píng)價(jià)歷來(lái)不高,使得這三次關(guān)于帝位的立嗣事件往往被賦予政治含義。不可否認(rèn),帝系的傳承政治因素起到極大的作用,但通過(guò)對(duì)三次立嗣進(jìn)行考察就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),雖然這三次立嗣或多或少存在皇太后的私心,但并未有明顯的違背清代立嗣習(xí)慣及律條的情況發(fā)生,皇太后所作出的立嗣決定是符合清代立嗣慣例的。由于晚清皇位依靠過(guò)繼產(chǎn)生,不可避免的會(huì)導(dǎo)致“子君父臣”現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)�！白泳赋肌痹斐伞熬龣�(quán)”與“父權(quán)”相互矛盾。從晚清對(duì)兩次“子君父臣”情況的實(shí)際處理及安排來(lái)看,清王朝選擇以“父子關(guān)系”優(yōu)先于“君臣關(guān)系”,即通過(guò)提高皇帝“本生父”的爵位、俸祿并給與皇帝“本生父”一些禮儀上的特權(quán),以達(dá)到維護(hù)皇帝“本生父”的目的。但是,為限制皇帝“本生父”利用其特殊的身份謀取政治權(quán)力,威脅帝系的統(tǒng)緒,清代并不會(huì)將皇帝“本生父”尊為皇帝,這就避免了明代“大禮議”在清代再次發(fā)生,維系了清代皇位的統(tǒng)緒及皇太后的地位。與帝系子嗣缺失類似,近支宗室各支派同樣子嗣并不繁盛。晚清以嘉慶帝后裔為近支宗室,近支宗室綿字輩絕嗣兩人,奕字輩絕嗣六人,載字輩絕嗣四人,加之清代大量子嗣夭折,使得近支宗室過(guò)繼子嗣的方式較為多源。以皇子出繼親王為嗣之人,晚清只有道光帝第五子奕姶一人。奕姶出繼其叔綿愷為嗣后,在宗法關(guān)系中已不屬于道光帝之子,但在奕姶生前,其本人無(wú)論是在爵位、諸王位次、禮制、俸祿等方面均與道光帝諸子無(wú)異,奕?、奕媈仍以親兄待之。但奕姶薨逝后其子嗣并未按照親王之子對(duì)待,通過(guò)對(duì)奕姶諸子爵位、禮制等方面的探究,與郡王之子待遇更為接近,而與親王之子差距較大。故出繼皇子本身并不會(huì)被區(qū)別對(duì)待,但在其身后,其支派的待遇將以出繼后的身份進(jìn)行修正。由于清代將宗室劃分為遠(yuǎn)支與近支,在正常情況下,遠(yuǎn)支宗室與近支宗室間并不相互過(guò)繼,由于晚清近支宗室各支派子嗣稀薄,為延續(xù)宗族血脈,不得不從遠(yuǎn)支宗室過(guò)繼。晚清共有載治、載澤、載沛、載澍、溥佶等多人從遠(yuǎn)支宗室入繼近支宗室。其支派在入繼后在爵位、取名等方面與近支宗室無(wú)異,但在皇位繼承、封王等問(wèn)題上限制較大�？偟膩�(lái)看,晚清近支宗室內(nèi)各次過(guò)繼的實(shí)例并未見(jiàn)明顯違背清代宗室的過(guò)繼習(xí)慣,也未見(jiàn)明顯違背通行全國(guó)的《大清律》中對(duì)過(guò)繼的規(guī)定。由此可見(jiàn),宗室過(guò)繼雖然會(huì)因政治因素的影響而與民間不同,但宗族因素同樣對(duì)宗室過(guò)繼起到重要的限制作用。
[Abstract]:The creation of the adoptive system is to deal with the possibility of missing children in the clan, safeguard the inheritance of the clan property in the family, maintain the unity and stability of the clan, and avoid the decline of the clan's internal consumption. According to the regulations, the adult men should follow the other branches of the family to continue the sacrifice, blood and social status. To this day, some areas still choose to continue their blood without male descendants. The traditional Chinese society is based on the "family world" as the basic model, the patriarchal clan is the most close to the emperor's blood, and the daily activities are greatly influenced by political factors. The interference of the political factors could not be carried out completely according to the official law of the world, which was promulgated by the government. Although the clan was special, the nature of the clan was still a clan. In succession, it was still affected and restricted by the clan factors. In the Qing Dynasty, after the birth of the emperor of the second sons of Xianfeng emperor, no royal son was born again, the absence of the emperor made the emperor of the same rule collapse. After that, the inheritance of the throne had to be carried out successfully, and the twenty-five years of Guangxu's "construction and storage of China" was also caused by the absence of the emperor. As a result of the particularity of the succession of the throne, the evaluation of the Empress Dowager of Ci Xi was always not high, so the three cases of the erect of the throne were often given political meaning. Denying that the political factors of the inheritance of the emperor had played a great role, but through the investigation of the three heirs, it would be found that although the three erect heirs were more or less private in the empress, there was no obvious violation of the customs and laws of the Qing Dynasty, and the decision of the heir made by the Empress Dowager was in conformity with the practice of the Qing Dynasty. Due to the succession of the throne in the late Qing Dynasty, it inevitably leads to the emergence of the "son monarch and the minister" phenomenon. "Zi Jun father and the minister" caused the contradiction between "monarchy" and "patriarchy". From the actual treatment and arrangement of the two "father and Minister of Zi Jun" in the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty chose to give priority to "the relationship between the gentleman and the son" by the "father son relationship", that is, By raising the title of the emperor "Ben father", salary and giving the emperor "Ben father" some privileges of etiquette in order to safeguard the emperor's "born father", but to restrict the Emperor 's "Ben father" to use his special identity to seek political power and threaten the emperor's system, the Qing Dynasty would not respect the emperor "the original father". The emperor, which avoided the reoccurrence of the "great courtesy" of the Ming Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty, maintained the position of the emperor in the Qing Dynasty and the status of the emperor in the Qing Dynasty. Similar to the absence of the emperor's descendants, the descendants of the descendants of Jia Qingdi were not prosperous. The four people, and the death of a large number of children in the Qing Dynasty, made the descendants of the descendants of the near branch more source. In the late Qing Dynasty, there were only fifth sons of Daoguang emperor. The king's son is not treated by the son of the prince, and the son of the prince is much closer to the son of the prince and is far apart from the son of the prince. It was treated differently, but behind it, the treatment of its branches would be amended with a subsequent identity. As the Qing Dynasty divided the clan into a long and near branch, under normal circumstances, the far branch and the near branch did not follow each other. Because of the thin and thin descendants of the branches of the near branch of the late Qing Dynasty, they had to be adoptive from the distant clans. In the late Qing Dynasty, many people from the far supported clan entered the near branch house, such as Zai Zai, Shi Pei, Zai Shu, Pu Shu, and so on. The adoptive habit has not seen any obvious violation of the rule of adoptive in the law of the Great Qing Dynasty. This shows that the succession of the patriarchal clan is different from the folk, although it will be influenced by the political factors, but the clan factor also plays an important role in the restriction of the clan.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K252;K820.9

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1 王新瑋;晚清近支宗室過(guò)繼研究[D];河北師范大學(xué);2017年

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