發(fā)布時間：2018-05-13 06:52

  本文選題：舊交通系 + 民初北京政府�。� 參考：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：交通系崛起于清末,是北洋集團(tuán)的重要組成部分。交通系的主要人物唐紹儀、梁士詒、周自齊、朱啟鈐、葉恭綽、詹天佑、吳鼎昌等在此時是以新型知識分子、專業(yè)技術(shù)官僚與精英的身份而登上歷史舞臺的,依靠密切的地緣、親緣、業(yè)緣關(guān)系形成政治集團(tuán)。他們追隨袁世凱與徐世昌,以交通、外交領(lǐng)域?yàn)橹饕顒涌臻g,積極贊襄北洋與東北新政,是新政的具體推行者與實(shí)踐者,為早期現(xiàn)代化和北洋集團(tuán)崛起起到巨大作用。在他們身上體現(xiàn)了求新、務(wù)實(shí)、敢為的作風(fēng),并體現(xiàn)了積極捍衛(wèi)國家主權(quán)的思想。在辛亥革命中,他們傾向共和,為南北統(tǒng)一、顛覆帝制立下不朽的功勞。對推進(jìn)鐵路事業(yè)、金融業(yè)的發(fā)展起到了積極影響,并深遠(yuǎn)影響著民初的鐵路事業(yè)和金融業(yè)的發(fā)展。 民初袁世凱統(tǒng)治時期,交通系領(lǐng)袖活躍在經(jīng)濟(jì)各領(lǐng)域,對交通、財稅、金融、幣制、實(shí)業(yè)政策產(chǎn)生極大影響。在交通業(yè)方面,其經(jīng)濟(jì)政策主要傾向?yàn)閲谢瘑栴}。如路政方面推行商辦鐵路國有、借債修路、崇官抑商政策,反映出交通系力主鐵路事業(yè)必須由國家壟斷經(jīng)營；為促進(jìn)國有鐵路營運(yùn)、管理、建設(shè)、財會制度的發(fā)展,則以統(tǒng)一路政、完善國有資產(chǎn)管理制度為手段。在電政方面則頒布有《電信條例》,明定國有原則,在管理上分設(shè)電政管理機(jī)構(gòu)。在郵政上,設(shè)立電政管理區(qū),廢除驛站,打擊民信局和客郵,厘定郵政司與帛黎之間的關(guān)系。航政方面則更激烈地表現(xiàn)為輪船招商局的官辦與商辦之爭。這說明交通系民初交通四政政策帶有鮮明的國家資本主義特色。從實(shí)際效果看,國家資本主義政策在交通領(lǐng)域?qū)Υ龠M(jìn)四政的發(fā)展、改觀具有明顯效果。特別是鐵路、電信與郵政,在袁世凱統(tǒng)治時期其發(fā)展成就是不容抹殺的。 在金融方面,交通系取得了對中交二行的控制權(quán)。在他們努力下,中交二行實(shí)際取得國家銀行地位,形成復(fù)雜中央銀行制度,享有發(fā)行兌換券、經(jīng)理公債發(fā)行、代理國庫等特權(quán),為財政清理與統(tǒng)一奠定基礎(chǔ)。但其政策中充滿了金融與財政雜糅特點(diǎn),發(fā)行公債與墊款即為突出表現(xiàn)。但相對于后者,前者對民初財政好轉(zhuǎn)起到了一定積極影響,而后者不僅對中交二行的官辦方向帶來消極影響,而且以反對停兌為表現(xiàn),促成二行向商辦化轉(zhuǎn)型。此外,中行歸部直轄,中交合并風(fēng)潮也是金融與財政政策雜糅的體現(xiàn)。同時交通系領(lǐng)袖還舉辦了新華儲蓄銀行壟斷郵政儲蓄業(yè)務(wù)。在交通系領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下,中交二行也積極發(fā)揮金融機(jī)構(gòu)對民族工商業(yè)發(fā)展的挹注作用,特別體現(xiàn)在一戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后對繅絲業(yè)的支持；同時成立具有金融投資公司性質(zhì)的通惠實(shí)業(yè)公司,抵制日本對漢冶萍公司的侵奪；積極參與上海銀業(yè)公會這一新型金融組織的活動。在幣制方面,梁士詒、周自齊、吳鼎昌等積極幫助袁世凱推行幣制改革,作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。如整理各省濫幣,籌劃幣制借款,推廣袁頭幣,統(tǒng)一鑄權(quán),力主銀本位制,設(shè)立平市官錢局等。幣制改革為此后南京政府廢兩改元奠定了基礎(chǔ)。 在財政稅收方面,周自齊、梁士詒等首先幫助袁世凱加強(qiáng)財政事權(quán)的高度集中,如實(shí)行中央�？钪贫�,各省財政事權(quán)收歸中央,出臺各種考成條例等。在具體理財辦法上,二人都反對舉借外債,但迫于財政現(xiàn)狀而不得已為之,但注意用途多元化,在舉債時間、借款額、利息、附帶條款等方面注意減少主權(quán)損失；進(jìn)行官產(chǎn)清理,這一方面具有消極性,即保守的彌補(bǔ)財政目的,但也有促進(jìn)墾荒,清理不良資產(chǎn)的積極作用；同時他們力主舉辦官業(yè),對官礦業(yè)、官農(nóng)業(yè)的擴(kuò)大以及商業(yè)專賣制度形成起到重要影響；交通系領(lǐng)袖還積極整理舊稅,特別是力主裁厘,整理田賦、牙稅、當(dāng)稅等,體現(xiàn)出一定的進(jìn)步性,并因此與保守派和袁世凱產(chǎn)生矛盾；他們注意制度創(chuàng)新,如舉辦預(yù)算,在會計、審計制度上革新,推行新稅制,如印花稅、營業(yè)稅等。交通系的稅制整理體現(xiàn)了擴(kuò)充財政的主要目的,但也有便利商民、促進(jìn)工商業(yè)發(fā)展的舉措,適應(yīng)財政、稅收制度現(xiàn)代化的傾向。同時,周自齊、梁士詒還積極籌劃關(guān)稅談判,特別是對常關(guān)稅進(jìn)行改革,并統(tǒng)一關(guān)稅管轄權(quán),其意義十分重大。周自齊、梁士詒與張弧還推行鹽政改革,以統(tǒng)一鹽政機(jī)關(guān)、整齊稅率、施行商運(yùn)、剔除耗斤、先稅后鹽、制造精鹽、爭取鹽余為最有意義者。但也因此引起周學(xué)熙等人的強(qiáng)烈抵制。 在實(shí)業(yè)政策上,周自齊、朱啟鈐、梁士詒等交通系人物的政策,涉及農(nóng)、林、商、工、礦等各部門,不僅涉及領(lǐng)域廣,而且涉及內(nèi)容多為當(dāng)時經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的敏感、重大問題,如礦業(yè)管理、墾務(wù)、清丈、博覽會舉辦、企業(yè)專辦問題等等。在墾務(wù)、礦業(yè)、地質(zhì)調(diào)查、農(nóng)業(yè)改良、林業(yè)發(fā)展等方面的貢獻(xiàn)是應(yīng)予以特別肯定的。 交通系經(jīng)濟(jì)政策具有財政本位、經(jīng)濟(jì)民族主義、發(fā)展國家資本主義、早期現(xiàn)代化傾向、專業(yè)技術(shù)化特征。在清王朝與南京政府之間,起到呈上其下作用,核心政策得到延續(xù),具有體制、模式特征。但是交通系象清末以來許多致力于中國早期現(xiàn)代化的政治集團(tuán)一樣,在涉及財政與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,國家與社會問題上,仍未能找到一個解決矛盾的方法,因此其政策充滿了矛盾性,其自身也充滿了矛盾性。特別是交通系將其經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的成敗與否,財政經(jīng)濟(jì)政策推行目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)寄托在袁世凱這一政治強(qiáng)人身上,寄望于一個威權(quán)政府的建立,并將其經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治訴求,利益訴求與袁世凱的集權(quán)統(tǒng)治結(jié)合于一。這就決定了其經(jīng)濟(jì)政策中的良莠雜糅,新舊雜糅,也決定了交通系這一集團(tuán)經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的根本屬性與作用,決定了這一集團(tuán)的最終命運(yùn)和歷史評價。
[Abstract]:The transportation department has risen in the late Qing Dynasty. It is an important part of the Beiyang Group. The main characters of the transportation department, Tang Shaoyi, Liang Shiyi, Zhou Ziqi, Zhu Qiqian, Ye Gong, Zhan Tianyou, Wu Dingchang, are at this time on the historical stage with the identity of new intellectuals, professional technocrats and elites, and depend on close geographical, kinship, and karmic relations. As a political group, they followed Yuan Shikai and Xu Shichang, with the main space of transportation and diplomacy, and actively praised the new deal in the north and the northeast. They were the concrete proponents and practitioners of the new deal. They played a great role in the early modernization and the rise of the Beiyang Group. In the revolution of 1911, they tended to the Republic, the reunification of the north and the South and the immortality of the monarchy, which had a positive impact on the development of the railway industry and the development of the financial industry, and had far-reaching influence on the development of the railway and the financial industry in the early days of the Republic.
During the reign of Yuan Shikai in the early days of the Republic of China, the leader of the transportation department was active in all areas of the economy, which had a great influence on the transportation, financial, financial, monetary, and industrial policies. In the transportation industry, its economic policy was mainly nationalized. The cause must be monopolized by the state. In order to promote the operation, management, construction, and the development of the system of the state owned railway, the system of management of the state assets should be unified by the unified road administration and the means of improving the management system of the state-owned assets. In the field of electricity, the Telecommunications Regulations are promulgated, the state principle is set out, and the administrative administrative organs are set up in the management. The electric administration area is set up in the post and the abolition of the administrative administrative area is abolished. The post station, the blow up of the post office and the guest post, and the relationship between the postal department and the faux. The aviation administration is more intensely represented by the dispute between the office and the business of the ship merchants. This shows that the traffic four policy has a distinctive national capitalist characteristic. From the actual effect, the national capitalist policy is promoted in the field of transportation. The development of the four administration has made remarkable progress, especially in railways, telecommunications and postal services. During the period of Yuan Shikai administration, the achievements of development were not allowed to be obliterated.
On the financial side, the Department of transportation has obtained the control of the two banks of the Central Bank of China. Under their efforts, the two banks of the China diplomatic exchange have actually obtained the status of the National Bank, formed a complex central bank system, and enjoyed the issuing of exchange vouchers, the issuance of managers' bonds, the agency of the Treasury and other privileges, which laid the foundation for the liquidation and unification of the finance, but the policy was full of financial and financial miscellaneous. In addition to the latter, the former has a positive influence on the financial improvement in the early Republic of China, and the latter not only has negative influence on the official direction of the two bank of China, but also against the stop as the performance, and promotes the transformation of the two lines to the business. At the same time, the leaders of the transportation department also held the monopoly of the postal savings bank of the Xinhua savings bank. Under the leadership of the transportation department, the two bank of China also played an active role in the development of the national industry and commerce, especially in the support of the silk reeling industry after the outbreak of the first World War, and the establishment of financial investment. Tonghui Industrial Company of the nature of the company resisted Japan's invasion of Han Yin Ping company and actively participated in the activities of the new financial organization of Shanghai Silver Industry Association. In the currency system, Liang Shiyi, Zhou Ziqi and Wu Dingchang actively helped Yuan Shikai to carry out the reform of the currency system. The yuan yuan currency has unified foundry power, which is aimed at the silver standard system, and set up Ping Shi Guan Qian Bureau. The currency reform has laid the foundation for the Nanjing government to abolish two yuan.
In terms of fiscal and taxation, Zhou Ziqi and Liang Shiyi first helped Yuan Shikai to strengthen the high concentration of financial power, such as the implementation of the central fund system, the government's financial power to return to the Central Committee and the introduction of various regulations. In the specific financial management, two people were opposed to borrowing foreign debts, but they were not allowed to do so, but they were more aware of the use of the financial situation. We should pay attention to reducing the loss of sovereignty in the aspects of borrowing time, loan amount, interest and incidental clauses, etc., to clean up the official production, which is negative, that is, to make up for the financial purpose conservatively, but also to promote the reclamation and clean up the bad assets; at the same time, they hold the official business, the enlargement of official mining, official agriculture and commerce. The monopoly system has played an important role in the formation of the system. The leaders of the transportation department also actively organize the old tax, especially the power to make the discrepancy, the land tax, the tooth tax, and the tax and so on, which reflect certain progressiveness, and therefore have a contradiction with the Conservatives and Yuan Shikai; they pay attention to the innovation of the system, such as the pre calculation, the innovation of the accounting, the auditing system, and the implementation of the new tax system, such as printing, such as printing. The taxation, business tax, and so on. The tax arrangement of the transportation department embodies the main purpose of expanding the finance, but also has the advantages of facilitating the business and the people, promoting the industrial and commercial development, the tendency to adapt to the modernization of the finance and the tax system. At the same time, Zhou Ziqi, Liang Shiyi also actively plans the tariff negotiations, especially the reform of the ordinary tariff, and the unification of the tariff jurisdiction. Zhou Ziqi, Liang Shiyi and Zhang arc also carried out the reform of salt administration, in order to unify the salt government organs, tidy tax rate, carry out commercial transportation, remove the Jin, first tax and after salt, make salt, and strive for salt surplus as the most meaningful. But it also caused a strong resistance of Zhou Xuexi and others.
In the industrial policy, the policy of transportation figures such as Zhou Ziqi, Zhu Qiqian and Liang Shiyi, involving agriculture, forestry, business, industry and mining departments, not only involves a wide range of fields, but also involves more sensitive and important issues in the economic development of the time, such as mining management, reclamation, the exposition, the fair, and so on. In reclamation, mining, geology, etc. The contribution of investigation, agricultural improvement and forestry development should be particularly affirmed.
The economic policy of the transportation department has the financial standard, the economic nationalism, the development of the state capitalism, the early modernization tendency and the specialized technical characteristics. Between the Qing Dynasty and the Nanjing government, it plays a role, the core policy is continued, the system has the characteristics of the model. But the transportation department has been devoted to the early China since the end of the Qing Dynasty. As a representative of the political group, it is still unable to find a solution to the contradiction in the financial and economic development and the national and social issues. Therefore, its policy is full of contradictions and is full of contradictions. Especially, the realization of the goal of the implementation of the fiscal and economic policy in the transportation department is the success or failure of the economic policy. As a political strong man, Kay is looking at the establishment of a authoritarian government and combining its economy, political appeal and interest demands with Yuan Shikai's centralized rule. This determines the mixture of the good and the bad in its economic policy, the new and old mix, and the fundamental attribute and function of the economic policy of the transportation department, which determines the group. The final fate and historical evaluation.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K258;F512.9

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