本文選題：義和團 + 東南督撫��； 參考：《中央民族大學(xué)》2010年博士論文

【摘要】： 清前中期,中央高度集權(quán),督撫對清廷常存畏懼,皇上的一紙詔書即可對其或殺或貶,如雍正時期的年羹堯功震西陲,后因諸種原因,雍正就下詔將他械送京師；再如道光時期的欽差大臣林則徐,雖有禁煙之功,但道光帝卻一紙詔書將其謫貶新疆。太平軍興以后,督撫權(quán)勢日熾,迨至晚清,清廷一兵一卒、一糧一糗皆仰仗督撫,清朝外重內(nèi)輕的局面自此出現(xiàn)且積重難返。東南互保的實現(xiàn),正是基于此種背景而成的。 19世紀(jì)末,帝國主義掀起瓜分中國的狂潮,民族危機空前嚴(yán)重。清朝統(tǒng)治集團內(nèi)部也發(fā)生了較大的變動,并對義和團剿、撫政策搖擺不定,義和團得以勃興并蓬勃發(fā)展。而此時的清廷恰處頑固守舊勢力掌控之中,由于傳統(tǒng)守舊觀念的一致,他們與義和團發(fā)生了感應(yīng)。慈禧、載漪等頑固派企圖利用義和團,實現(xiàn)其廢立陰謀。守舊士大夫階層企圖聯(lián)合義和團,反對洋人、洋教和洋務(wù),用封建主義來戰(zhàn)勝資本主義。 義和團運動興起后,由于中外雙方在交流上的誤解：戊戌政變后,慈禧最關(guān)注的是維持垂簾聽政地位,而此時的駐京公使團大多對中國都是門外漢,不愿也不屑了解中國政體和文化,卻積極干涉朝政并做出一系列的錯誤判斷和決定。造成慈禧太后不愿在義和團問題上與公使團合作。隨著事態(tài)的發(fā)展,當(dāng)外患大于內(nèi)憂后,清廷對義和團撫而用之,向列國宣戰(zhàn)。 早在義和團運動興起時,東南督撫就做過種種避戰(zhàn)努力,但結(jié)果事與愿違,在清廷最終走向?qū)ν鈶?zhàn)爭后,東南督撫見避戰(zhàn)失敗,便轉(zhuǎn)而醞釀同列強實行“東南互�！�。列強因相互牽制,出于保護自己在華尤其在長江流域利益的考慮,對東南督撫的互保建議,給予了熱烈回應(yīng)。經(jīng)中外三次磋商,初步商定了《東南保護約款》。其后,山東、廣東、廣西、浙江、福建等省的督撫,也紛紛宣布加入互保行列,并分別制定了互保章程。 互保最終雖然沒有正式簽字,顯得無疾而終,實際上它的重要性并不在于簽字與否,而在于它反映了中國的時局和督撫的心態(tài)：穩(wěn)定東南,進而“延宗社,保兩宮”。無疾而終的背后是鐵的事實,而成效卻有目共睹。 互保是中外相互需要的產(chǎn)物,它的達(dá)成,既是南北政治經(jīng)濟分野背后,南方士紳努力的結(jié)果,也是東南督撫在駐外使節(jié)的幫助下,利用帝國主義之間的相互牽制而多次斡旋的產(chǎn)物。雖然在一定程度上,它維護了國家的主權(quán),保障了江南地區(qū)的穩(wěn)定,但它的出現(xiàn)也加劇了朝廷和地方的離心力,加速了清廷的衰落,便于帝國主義實行分而治之的侵略方針。 庚子之亂后,為了緩和社會矛盾,鞏固滿族統(tǒng)治,清廷宣布實行新政。在新政改革的一系列措施中,重建中央武裝力量的軍事改革是重中之重。要順利完成軍事改革,就要籌措大量練兵經(jīng)費,而要籌措軍費,就要改變咸同以后外重內(nèi)輕的政治格局,打破地方督撫尤其是東南督撫對本地區(qū)財政壟斷的局面。1904年,清廷以江南制造總局遷移為契機,派鐵良南下,完成了“劃一營制”與籌措軍餉的任務(wù),打破了東南督撫對東南地區(qū)財權(quán)和軍權(quán)的壟斷,互保局面至此瓦解。 然而,出乎清廷意料的是,鐵良南下和中央集權(quán)化的最大受益者并非清廷,而是直隸總督袁世凱。隨著袁世凱集團勢力的擴展,袁世凱與滿族親貴的矛盾也日益激化。恰在此時,李鴻章、劉坤一、張之洞等人相繼過世,清朝統(tǒng)治階層中失去了一批可以對各種社會勢力進行平衡并可以在滿漢矛盾中起緩沖作用的人物。最終,滿族親貴與袁世凱的矛盾愈演愈烈,清廷采取措施削弱袁世凱的權(quán)勢,導(dǎo)致袁世凱與清廷的決裂和清朝的覆亡。
[Abstract]:In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the central government was highly centralized, and the governor was often afraid of the Qing court, and the imperial edict could be killed or derogated by the emperor. For example, Yong Zheng, after all the reasons for the Yong Zheng period, sent him to the master of Beijing, and then, as the emperor Lin Zexu, the emperor of the Daoqing period, he was relegated to the imperial edict. After the prosperity of the Taiping army, after the prosperity of the Taiping army, the power of the governor was incandescent, the Qing Dynasty was in the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing court was a soldier and a soldier, and the grain and the dust were all up to the governor. The light situation in the Qing Dynasty appeared and difficult to return. The realization of mutual insurance in the southeast was based on this background.
At the end of the nineteenth Century, the imperialism set off the tide of dividing China, and the national crisis was unprecedentedly serious. There were also great changes within the ruling group in the Qing Dynasty, and the policy was swayed by the boxers. The boxer was flourishing and flourishing. At this time, the Qing court was in the control of the stubborn and conservative forces, and he was consistent with the traditional conservative ideas. The obstinacy of the boxers, such as Ci Xi and the boxer, attempted to use the boxers to achieve its conspiracy. The old scholar bureaucrats tried to unite the boxers, oppose the Westernization, the foreign religion and the Westernization, and overcome capitalism with feudalism.
After the rise of the Boxer Movement, the misunderstanding on communication between China and foreign countries: after the reform movement of 1898, Ci Xi was most concerned about maintaining the status of the government. At this time, most of the public ministers in Beijing were the outsiders, unwilling to understand the Chinese government and culture, but actively interfered in the government and made a series of wrong judgments and decisions. The Empress Dowager Cheng Cixi did not want to cooperate with the boxers. With the development of the situation, when the foreign patients were greater than the internal worries, the Qing government used it to the boxers and declared war on the countries.
As early as the rise of the Boxer Movement, the southeastern governor had done a variety of efforts to avoid war, but the result was contrary to one's wish. After the Qing Dynasty finally went to the foreign war, the southeast governor saw the failure of the war. The governor's mutual protection proposal gave a warm response. After three consultations at home and abroad, the southeastern protection contract was initially agreed. Then the governors of Shandong, Guangdong, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian and other provinces were also announced to join the mutual insurance ranks, and the mutual insurance regulations were formulated respectively.
In fact, the importance of mutual insurance, though not formally signed, appears to be in the end. In fact, its importance is not the sign or not, but it reflects the state of China's current situation and the state of the state of the governor: the stability of the southeast, and then "the extension of the society, the two Palace".
Mutual insurance is a product of mutual needs between China and foreign countries. Its achievement is the result of the efforts of the southern gentry behind the political and economic division of the South and the south. It is also the result of the good offices of the southeast governor, with the help of the diplomatic envoy stationed abroad, and the mutual mediation between the imperialists. However, its emergence has intensified the centrifugal force of the court and local governments, accelerated the decline of the Qing court, and enabled imperialism to implement a policy of divide and rule.
After the boxer's rebellion, in order to ease social contradictions and consolidate the Manchu rule, the Qing government announced the implementation of a new deal. In a series of measures for the reform of the new government, the reconstruction of the military reform of the central armed forces is the most important. To rule the pattern and break the situation of local governors, especially the southeast governor to the local financial monopoly in.1904, the Qing government took the south of the Jiangnan manufacturing administration as a turning point, and completed the task of "one battalion" and the raising of the military pay, breaking the monopoly of the southeast governor on the financial power and the military power of the southeast region, and the situation of mutual insurance was disintegrated.
However, it was surprising that the greatest beneficiaries of the South and centralization of the central government were not the Qing court, but Yuan Shikai, the governor of Zhili. With the expansion of the Yuan Shikai group, the contradiction between Yuan Shikai and the Manchu family was becoming more and more intense. At this point, Li Hongzhang, Liu Kun, and Zhang Zhidong were lost in succession, and the ruling classes of the Qing Dynasty were lost. A number of people can balance the various social forces and can play a buffer role in the contradictions between the Manchu and Han Dynasties. Finally, the contradiction between the Manchu Family and Yuan Shikai is becoming more and more intense. The measures of the Qing government take measures to weaken the power of Yuan Shikai, which leads to the break up of Yuan Shikai and the Qing Dynasty and the death of the Qing Dynasty.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中央民族大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K256

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