本文選題：晉西北地區(qū) + 清末民初��； 參考：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文

【摘要】： 晉西北地區(qū)屬于黃土高原的一部分,此地區(qū)大部分為黃土溝壑地貌,山多田少,土地貧瘠。又因?yàn)槠渌幘暥容^高,春、冬氣候寒冷。在這種惡劣的自然環(huán)境下,當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民普遍采用粗放的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式,農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)出現(xiàn)了“低投入低產(chǎn)出”的局面。清末民初及抗戰(zhàn)時期此地區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)狀況截然不同,分析研究導(dǎo)致這兩個時期農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)不同的原因?qū)裉鞎x西北地區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展有借鑒意義。本文主要分為兩個部分。 第一個部分闡述了清代及民國初期晉西北地區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)狀況。清及民國初年晉西北地區(qū)的農(nóng)民根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)刈匀画h(huán)境的特點(diǎn)采取了粗放式的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式：種植莜麥、蕎麥、大麥、稷、黍等耐寒耐旱的農(nóng)作物；采取一年一熟的耕作制度。這種粗放的耕作方式導(dǎo)致了當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的落后,最主要的表現(xiàn)是糧食畝產(chǎn)量低下,很多農(nóng)戶無法靠農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)維持生存而出外謀生。雖然清政府及閻錫山在山西當(dāng)政時分別采取了一些發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)的措施,但農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r沒有大的改觀。 第二個部分論述了晉西北抗日根據(jù)地的農(nóng)業(yè)政策與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)狀況。二十世紀(jì)三四十年代,日本的入侵使晉西北地區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)遭到嚴(yán)重破壞,根據(jù)地的勞動力、畜力及農(nóng)具極度缺乏,土地大量荒蕪,農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)水平急劇下降。在這種情況下,晉西北抗日民主政府響應(yīng)黨的號召,開展農(nóng)業(yè)大生產(chǎn)運(yùn)動。由于當(dāng)時兵民戰(zhàn)斗、生活最大的需求是糧食,抗日民主政府實(shí)施各種農(nóng)業(yè)政策以提高糧食產(chǎn)量：通過調(diào)節(jié)各階層的土地分配、組織勞動力、引進(jìn)激勵和競爭機(jī)制等方式調(diào)動起了人們生產(chǎn)的積極性。鼓勵人們采取精耕細(xì)作的生產(chǎn)方式,如通過號召各級組織召開春耕會議,保證人們在春耕中的土地的使用權(quán),保證春耕中種子、工具、牲畜等生產(chǎn)資料的供應(yīng)等方式重視春耕運(yùn)動；晉西北多干旱天氣,傳統(tǒng)時期,當(dāng)?shù)囟唷八恍蕖?清末民初的水利公司并不適用大部分地區(qū),晉西北抗日民主政府根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐臈l件組織、獎勵人們興修水利；農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)工具及農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的落后與否是衡量農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的一個重要指標(biāo),為了推廣農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù),制定了農(nóng)業(yè)科技政策并根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐膶?shí)際情況制定了獎勵科學(xué)發(fā)明及改進(jìn)技術(shù)方面的法令或條例�？谷崭鶕�(jù)地人們的生產(chǎn)積極性被空前調(diào)動了起來,晉西北抗日根據(jù)地的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式暫時轉(zhuǎn)向了精耕細(xì)作,農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的成果滿足了戰(zhàn)爭中兵民的需要。 對比清末民初與抗戰(zhàn)時期晉西北地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的狀況可以看出,傳統(tǒng)時期粗放式的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式是農(nóng)民根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐淖匀簧鐣h(huán)境作出的選擇,戰(zhàn)爭環(huán)境下政府的政策促使當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)向精耕細(xì)作只能適應(yīng)戰(zhàn)時需求,具有很強(qiáng)的戰(zhàn)時色彩。解決今天晉西北地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)落后的狀況需要政府因地制宜的實(shí)施相關(guān)農(nóng)業(yè)予以扶持。
[Abstract]:Northwest Shanxi is a part of the Loess Plateau, which is dominated by loess gully landforms, with few mountains and fields, and poor soil. Because of its high latitude, spring, winter climate is cold. In this kind of bad natural environment, the local farmers generally adopt extensive agricultural production mode, and the agricultural production appears the situation of "low input and low output". The situation of agricultural production in this area was very different between the late Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China and the period of Anti-Japanese War. The analysis and study of the reasons for the difference of agricultural production in these two periods can be used for reference in the agricultural development of northwest Shanxi today. This paper is divided into two parts. The first part expounds the agricultural production in the northwest of Shanxi in the Qing Dynasty and the early period of the Republic of China. In the early years of the Qing and the Republic of China, farmers in northwest Shanxi adopted extensive agricultural production methods according to the characteristics of the local natural environment: planting naked oats, buckwheat, barley, millet and other hardy and drought-tolerant crops; This extensive farming method leads to the backwardness of local agricultural production, the main manifestation of which is the low grain yield per mu, and many farmers can not make a living by agricultural production. Although the Qing government and Yan Xishan took some measures to develop agriculture in Shanxi respectively, the situation of agricultural development has not changed greatly. The second part discusses the agricultural policy and agricultural production in the anti-Japanese base area of northwest Shanxi. In the 1930s and 1940s, the Japanese invasion caused severe damage to agriculture in the northwest of Shanxi. The base area was extremely short of labor, livestock and farm tools, the land was desolate, and the level of agricultural production fell sharply. Under such circumstances, the anti-Japanese democratic government in northwest Shanxi responded to the call of the Party and launched a mass agricultural production movement. Because of the fighting between the soldiers and the people at that time, the greatest demand for food was food. The anti-Japanese democratic government implemented various agricultural policies to increase grain production: by regulating the distribution of land at all levels, it organized the labor force. Introduction of incentives and competition mechanisms and other ways to mobilize the enthusiasm of people's production. Encouraging people to adopt intensive and meticulous farming methods, such as by calling on all levels to organize spring ploughing conferences, to guarantee the right to use land in spring ploughing, and to guarantee seeds and tools in spring ploughing, The supply of livestock and other means of production has attached importance to the spring ploughing campaign. In the dry weather of northwest Shanxi, during the traditional period, many local water conservancy projects were not repaired, and water conservancy companies in the late Qing and early Republic of China did not apply to most areas. In accordance with local conditions, the anti-Japanese democratic government in the northwest of Shanxi Province organizes and rewards people to build water conservancy projects; the backwardness of agricultural production tools and agricultural production techniques is an important indicator of agricultural production. In order to promote agricultural production technology, Policies on agricultural science and technology have been formulated and laws or regulations on incentives for scientific invention and improvement of technology have been made according to local conditions. The production enthusiasm of the people in the anti-Japanese base area was aroused unprecedentedly, and the agricultural production mode of the anti-Japanese base area in northwest Shanxi turned to intensive cultivation for the time being, and the results of agricultural production met the needs of the soldiers and the people in the war. By comparing the agricultural production in northwest Shanxi during the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China and the Anti-Japanese War, we can see that the extensive agricultural production mode in the traditional period is a choice made by farmers according to the local natural and social environment. The policy of the government in the war environment urges the local agricultural production to turn to intensive cultivation, which can only adapt to the wartime demand and has a strong wartime color. To solve the backward situation of agricultural production in northwest Shanxi today, the government needs to support the relevant agriculture in accordance with local conditions.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K25;K265;F327

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