本文選題：二十世紀(jì)五十年代 + 農(nóng)業(yè)合作化運(yùn)動(dòng)��； 參考：《貴州財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：20世紀(jì)50年代的農(nóng)業(yè)合作化運(yùn)動(dòng)是我國農(nóng)村社會(huì)的深刻變革，成功的實(shí)現(xiàn)了從小私有經(jīng)濟(jì)向社會(huì)主義集體經(jīng)濟(jì)的轉(zhuǎn)變。這一歷史過程由于其一系列不成熟的理論指導(dǎo)，最終沒能取得完美的結(jié)果，但其發(fā)生的條件與目標(biāo)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)和歷史地位，對(duì)當(dāng)今社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)有重要的歷史意義。 農(nóng)業(yè)合作化運(yùn)動(dòng)從新中國成立初就開始了，它是在解放區(qū)互助合作的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的。土地改革后，雖然農(nóng)民獲得了土地，經(jīng)濟(jì)地位上升，出現(xiàn)中農(nóng)化傾向，但部分農(nóng)戶生活仍很貧困，農(nóng)村的生產(chǎn)資料普遍缺乏。為解決農(nóng)民普遍存在的勞力、畜力、生產(chǎn)資料不足的情況，調(diào)動(dòng)農(nóng)民生產(chǎn)積極性，在農(nóng)村成立了各種各樣的互助組。通過優(yōu)秀互助組的示范效應(yīng)，以及互助組不斷充實(shí)新的內(nèi)容，使農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)獲得極大提高，國家大力扶持互助組，從而促進(jìn)了全國解放后互助組的快速發(fā)展。 1949年到1952年是互助組的初步開展階段�；ブM是農(nóng)民在個(gè)體私有制基礎(chǔ)上，自愿、自發(fā)組織起來形成的一種松散的勞動(dòng)互助合作組織。它是在廢除封建地主土地所有制的同時(shí)建立起來的個(gè)體農(nóng)民對(duì)土地等生產(chǎn)資料的個(gè)體所有制。這種互助合作彌補(bǔ)了勞動(dòng)力不足的缺陷，并保證了不違農(nóng)時(shí)，加入互助組農(nóng)戶的經(jīng)濟(jì)效用都有所提高。因此，農(nóng)戶積極響應(yīng)由單干轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榧尤雱趧?dòng)互助組。 1953年到1955年上半年，是初級(jí)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)合作社的發(fā)展階段。勞動(dòng)互助組向初級(jí)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)合作社的轉(zhuǎn)變，主觀意識(shí)形態(tài)方面的原因主要是中國共產(chǎn)黨將馬列主義的合作化思想引入到新中國農(nóng)業(yè)合作化運(yùn)動(dòng)當(dāng)中，并以此來指導(dǎo)自己的實(shí)踐。以毛澤東為代表的中央領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，認(rèn)為農(nóng)業(yè)合作社不僅比個(gè)體農(nóng)戶小生產(chǎn)優(yōu)越，而且也是小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)過渡到社會(huì)主義的可行途徑。毛澤東的意識(shí)成為黨的主流意識(shí)，他對(duì)合作社的偏好必然決定了合作化運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)展方向�？陀^原因是由于1953年是國民經(jīng)濟(jì)大規(guī)模建設(shè)開展的第一年，工業(yè)用糧比過去增加；工業(yè)人口和城市人口的迅速增加，對(duì)糧食需求量增大；同時(shí)，土改后農(nóng)民生活水平有所改善，農(nóng)民對(duì)糧食的消費(fèi)量也比過去增多。一方面，糧食需求總量猛然上升，另一方面，農(nóng)村糧食總產(chǎn)量增加的同時(shí)收購量反而下降。①為解決糧食的購銷危機(jī)，國家實(shí)行統(tǒng)購統(tǒng)銷政策，為能保證低價(jià)收購農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，國家壟斷市場，強(qiáng)制地取消農(nóng)產(chǎn)品自由市場。為能保證在低價(jià)統(tǒng)購統(tǒng)銷政策下，農(nóng)民仍然能滿足國家工業(yè)化建設(shè)所需要的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)，合作社無疑是最好的途徑，使國家能以行政力量直接控制農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)。在這一背景下，1955年下半年，農(nóng)業(yè)合作化的高潮在中國農(nóng)村揭開了序幕。 雖然這一階段，國家沒有取得農(nóng)民的“一致性同意”，而是采取強(qiáng)迫命令的方式使得農(nóng)民入社，然后利用合作社這種農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)組織特有的組織形式，降低交易成本，獲得農(nóng)民大量的經(jīng)濟(jì)剩余，支持重工業(yè)的發(fā)展，從而使農(nóng)民應(yīng)獲得的經(jīng)濟(jì)福利水平大大降低了。但是，除土地外，農(nóng)民還是擁有其他主要生產(chǎn)資料所有權(quán)的。這樣，農(nóng)民可以根據(jù)入社后生產(chǎn)資料的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量好壞不同，而獲得不同的報(bào)酬收益。在此基礎(chǔ)上，農(nóng)戶個(gè)人收入也由兩部分構(gòu)成，一是由土地所有權(quán)獲得的土地報(bào)酬；二是參與勞動(dòng)獲得的勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬。雖然初級(jí)生產(chǎn)合作社使農(nóng)民的經(jīng)濟(jì)效用下降，但比起單干，還是有利的。 1956年，迎來了農(nóng)業(yè)合作化的第二次高潮，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)高級(jí)社迅速發(fā)展。與初級(jí)社相比，高級(jí)社的公有化程度大大提高了，入社農(nóng)民的土地、耕畜及大型農(nóng)具等主要生產(chǎn)資料必須由私有轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楹献魃缂w所有，只保留按人口決定的自留地，形成了一種合作社共有的產(chǎn)權(quán)形式；而且合作社統(tǒng)一經(jīng)營，集體勞動(dòng)，合作社的收入扣除繳稅、生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用、公積金和公益金后的剩余部分，按勞動(dòng)日平均分配，“多勞多得”，實(shí)行全面的按勞分配。在當(dāng)時(shí)的生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展水平下，這種分配方式不能體現(xiàn)真正的公平和公正。由此，選擇加入農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)高級(jí)社，就會(huì)使農(nóng)民個(gè)體對(duì)土地的所有權(quán)、直接占有權(quán)、自主經(jīng)營使用權(quán)、排他性的收益權(quán)都喪失了，，農(nóng)民的經(jīng)濟(jì)效用下降，對(duì)基本上處于傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)水平的農(nóng)村和農(nóng)民來說，高級(jí)社是很難接受的。在1956年秋收分配前后，全國很多地區(qū)都出現(xiàn)拉牛退社現(xiàn)象，針對(duì)這一現(xiàn)象，政府對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)合作社生產(chǎn)資料公有化的范圍進(jìn)行了迅速的調(diào)整，并對(duì)經(jīng)營方式等做了較大幅度的調(diào)整。 本文的第六章，用經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的斯勒茨基效應(yīng)對(duì)各個(gè)階段合作社的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析，農(nóng)民在合作社各個(gè)階段獲得利益的多少與選擇入退社的態(tài)度都是可以從經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的斯勒茨基效應(yīng)反映出來的。解釋了農(nóng)戶對(duì)入社態(tài)度轉(zhuǎn)變的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原因。 本文最后一章是一些總結(jié)與啟示。50年代農(nóng)業(yè)合作化運(yùn)動(dòng)中的理論、原則、制度、管理等經(jīng)驗(yàn)，對(duì)當(dāng)今我國社會(huì)主義合作化建設(shè)具有重要的借鑒意義。
[Abstract]:The agricultural cooperative movement in 1950s is a profound change in the rural society of our country. It has successfully realized the transformation from the private economy to the socialist collective economy. This historical process, due to a series of immature theoretical guidance, failed to achieve the perfect result, but the conditions and objectives, lessons and history of its occurrence. Status is of great historic significance to today's social and economic construction.
The movement of agricultural cooperation began at the beginning of the founding of new China. It was developed on the basis of mutual assistance and cooperation in Jiefang District. After the land reform, farmers have acquired the land, the economic status is rising, and the tendency of agricultural transformation occurs. However, some farmers are still living in poverty and the rural production data are generally lacking. A variety of mutual assistance groups have been set up in the rural areas. Through the demonstration effect of the excellent mutual aid group and the continuous enrichment of the new content by the mutual aid group, the agricultural production has been greatly improved and the state vigorously supports the mutual assistance group, thus promoting the rapid development of the mutual aid group after the liberation of the country. Development.
From 1949 to 1952 is the initial stage of the mutual aid group. The mutual aid group is a loose labor mutual cooperation organization formed by the peasants on the basis of individual private ownership, voluntarily and spontaneously. It is the individual ownership of the land and other production data by the individual farmers, which are established at the same time of abolishing the land ownership of the feudal landlords. Mutual aid and cooperation make up for the defects of the shortage of labor force, and ensure that the economic utility of the farmers in the mutual aid group has been improved. Therefore, the farmers are actively responding from the single stem to joining the mutual aid group.
From 1953 to the first half of 1955, it was the development stage of the primary agricultural production cooperative. The transformation of the mutual aid group to the primary agricultural production cooperative, the main reason for the subjective ideology was that the Communist Party of China introduced the Marxism Leninism cooperative thought into the new China Agricultural Cooperative Movement and guided its own practice. The central leader, represented by Mao Zedong, thinks that the agricultural cooperatives are not only superior to individual farmers but also a feasible way for the transition of small farmers to socialism. Mao Zedong's consciousness becomes the mainstream consciousness of the party. His preference for cooperatives will inevitably determine the direction of the development of the cooperative movement. The objective reason is that 1953 The year is the first year of the large-scale construction of the national economy, the increase in industrial grain consumption, the rapid increase in the industrial population and the urban population, the increase in the demand for grain; at the same time, the living standards of farmers have improved and the consumption of grain is increasing. On the one hand, the total grain demand has risen sharply, on the other hand, In order to solve the purchase and sale crisis of grain, the State implements the policy of unified purchase and marketing in order to guarantee the purchase of agricultural products at low prices, the state monopoly market and the compulsory cancellation of the free market for agricultural products. In this context, in the second half of 1955, the climax of agricultural cooperation was unveiled in China's rural areas.
Although this stage, the state has not obtained the "consensus agreement" of the peasants, but the way of forcing the peasants to enter the society by forced orders, and then use the cooperative form of the cooperative rural economic organization to reduce the transaction cost, obtain a large amount of economic surplus of farmers, and support the development of heavy industry, so that the farmers should obtain the economy. The level of welfare is greatly reduced. But, except for the earth, farmers still have the ownership of other major production materials. In this way, farmers can obtain different remuneration returns according to the quantity and quality of the production data after entering the society. On this basis, the individual income of farmers is also made up of two parts, the first is the ownership of land. Two of the land remuneration is labor remuneration. Although the primary production cooperatives reduce the economic efficiency of the farmers, it is more advantageous than doing so alone.
In 1956, the second high tide of agricultural cooperation was ushered in, and the agricultural production advanced society developed rapidly. Compared with the primary society, the degree of public ownership of the advanced society was greatly improved. The main production materials such as farmers' land, farm animals and large farm implements must be changed from private to collective ownership, only reserved land determined according to the population. It has become a common form of property rights of the co-operatives; moreover, the cooperative operation, collective labor, income deduction of cooperatives, production costs, accumulation fund and the surplus of public welfare gold are distributed according to labor day average, "more labor", and a comprehensive distribution according to work. This distribution mode at the level of productivity development at that time. It can not reflect the real fairness and impartiality. Thus, choosing to join the advanced agricultural production society will make the farmers' ownership of the land, the right to occupy the land directly, the right to operate independently, the exclusive income rights are lost, the economic utility of the peasants fall, and the high society is very good to the rural and farmers who are basically in the traditional agricultural level. It is difficult to accept. In 1956, before and after the allocation of autumn harvest, the phenomenon of withdrawal of cattle has appeared in many regions of the country. In view of this phenomenon, the government has made a rapid adjustment to the scope of the public production of agricultural cooperatives and made a great adjustment to the mode of operation.
The sixth chapter of this paper analyzes the characteristics of the cooperatives in various stages with the slitsky effect of economics. The attitude of farmers in the various stages of the cooperatives and the attitude of choosing to return to the society can be reflected from the slitsky effect of economics. The economic reasons for the change of farmers' attitude towards the entry into the society are explained.
The last chapter of this article is the experience of the theory, principle, system and management in the agricultural cooperative movement of.50 years, which is of great significance to the construction of socialist cooperative construction in our country.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：貴州財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K27;F329

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