本文選題：南京國民政府 + 社會調查　； 參考：《山東大學》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：近代中國政府社會調查肇始于清末新政時期,中經北京政府時期,至南京國民政府時期形成規(guī)模,并對中國近代化進程起到了推動作用。整體認知近代政府社會調查在社會變遷中的作用具有重要的學術價值和現實意義。 本文考察的對象,主要是南京國民政府主持的社會調查,所依靠的資料主要包括當時政府各機關公布的調查報告、各省市政府出版的政府公報和市政公報、各省市建設廳出版的建設公報、政府各調查統(tǒng)計機構出版的調查統(tǒng)計刊物以及一些商業(yè)刊物,比如《銀行周報》、《工商半月刊》等,此外還包括一些檔案資料。 整體研究與個案分析相結合、定量分析與定性研究相結合是本文的主要研究方法。文章首先對于南京國民政府社會調查進行了整體研究,然后選取了資源委員會、地質調查所作為個案進行考察,并且將山東省政府作為地方政府的典型進行分析,力求點面結合,全面展示南京政府社會調查的整體面貌；另外本文分別對南京國民政府、地質調查所和山東省政府的社會調查數量作了統(tǒng)計,并在此基礎上作出進一步分析,力求反映南京國民政府時期社會調查的整體狀況和特點。 南京國民政府成立之后,出于建國的需要,對社會調查的重要性有著較為清醒的認識,由此促成了政府社會調查的大規(guī)模開展。 就時間而言,1929年政府社會調查數量開始大幅上升,1935年驟然下降；就地域來講,1937年之前全國各省區(qū)幾乎均有調查,但多寡不一,調查大多集中在政治、經濟、文化發(fā)達的省區(qū),但是1937年之后情況發(fā)生了變化,調查向西部地區(qū)傾斜；就內容而言,政府社會調查內容豐富,涉及社會生活方方面面,其中經濟調查數量最多,其次是社會調查。 社會需求是政府調查勃興的直接動因以及與社會行政、社會改良關系密切是南京政府社會調查的兩大基本特點。其中,行政與社會調查的關系是最為根本的,政府青睞社會調查的最主要原因是要通過調查社會事實為其施政提供數字化的依據。社會調查與政府政策制定之間存在著因果關系,但有時由于條件所限,又會出現“因果不對稱性”的特點。 受歷史條件所限,南京國民政府社會調查活動及結果不可避免地存在種種缺陷,但是不能因此抹殺其貢獻尤其是不能否定其折射出的科學執(zhí)政的現代理念。 在個案分析方面中央主要選取了資源委員會和地質調查所這兩個重要機構來透視南京國民政府社會調查與中國近代經濟發(fā)展以及近代科學進步之間的關系。 資源委員會是一個國防備戰(zhàn)機構,也是系統(tǒng)地對中國進行基本國勢調查的最為重要的政府機構。它的前身是國防設計委員會,在其成立之初就定位于國防建設的調查研究以及計劃工作,盡管隨著調查工作的完成以及國際形勢的變化,其任務轉向重工業(yè)建設,但不可否認的是,該會從事的調查工作為中國的工業(yè)發(fā)展以及國防備戰(zhàn)奠定了堅實的基礎。本文通過對資源委員會社會調查的總體分析,透視政府調查在中國社會經濟發(fā)展中的作用,并通過資源委員會開展的中國第一次全國工業(yè)調查及句容縣人口農業(yè)總調查來探討該會在社會調查過程中具體運作方式、其中所凸顯的機構以及制度的作用,并分析其優(yōu)缺點,從而為真實地了解南京國民政府社會調查提供范本。 地質調查所是中國近代科學發(fā)展史上一個重要機構,以丁文江、翁文灝為首的地質學奠基人在地質調查方面嘔心瀝血。本文依據有關資料,對于該所的地質調查數量進行了統(tǒng)計分析,以全面考察其整體的發(fā)展狀況以及對于地球科學發(fā)展的影響,并且透過對丁文江、翁文灝等人畢生地質調查的實踐來凸顯地質調查在地質學發(fā)展中的巨大作用,從而進一步考察社會調查與中國近代科學進步的關系。 在地方個案中,論文選取了山東省政府社會調查作為考察對象,以展示當時政府社會調查在地方的推行和開展情況。山東省政府社會調查并非頗具典型性,但是山東省政府自身具有典型性,尤其是在1930-1937年韓復榘主魯時期。這一時期,山東省政府與南京國民黨中央政府之間的關系極其微妙,軍閥出身的韓復榘極力維護其獨立王國的利益,在原則性問題上不惜與蔣介石分庭抗禮,但是在發(fā)展山東地方經濟方面,兩者的目標是一致的。社會調查作為政府開展各項事業(yè)的基礎性工作此時也頗受青睞,這一方面是中國近代化發(fā)展趨勢使然,另一方面也是深受南京中央政府的影響以及履行中央政府行政命令的結果。本文通過相關資料對于山東省政府社會調查數量進行了統(tǒng)計分析,重點考察了其調查類型、方式以及特征,并且通過鄒平縣人口調查來具體窺探社會調查的方法。值得注意的是,盡管從政治角度來講,國民政府并非進步政治勢力,山東省政府與南京中央政府存在一些矛盾,但是兩者在科學執(zhí)政方面的理念是一致的,在發(fā)展中國方面的步伐也是一致的,所以不能一味簡單地否定國民黨執(zhí)政和地方軍閥執(zhí)政。判斷一個政權的得失除考察其政治取向外,還應當看其是否有著利于社會經濟發(fā)展的舉措,并對這些舉措進行分析。 從總體上看,南京國民政府主持的社會調查是中國近代歷史上規(guī)模最大、體系較為完備、影響深遠的政府調查行為。它體現了科學執(zhí)政的現代理念,為國民政府相關政策的制定提供了依據,在一定程度上推動了當時中國社會經濟的發(fā)展以及科學的進步。
[Abstract]:The social investigation of modern Chinese government began in the period of the new deal in the late Qing Dynasty. During the period of the Beijing government and the period of the national government of Nanjing, it formed the scale and played an important role in the process of the modernization of China. The whole cognition of the role of modern government social investigation in social change has important academic value and practical significance.
The main object of this study is the social investigation conducted by the Nanjing national government, which mainly includes the investigation reports published by the government organs at that time, the government communiqu and the municipal communiqu published by various provinces and municipalities, the construction bulletin published by the provincial and provincial construction offices, and the survey and statistical publications published by the government investigation and statistical agencies, as well as a survey and statistical publication published by the government. Some commercial publications, such as "bank weekly", "industrial and commercial semi monthly" and so on, also include some archival materials.
The combination of the overall research and case analysis, the combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative research is the main research method of this article. First, the article has carried out a whole study on the social survey of Nanjing national government, and then selected the resources committee, the Geological Survey Institute as a case study, and the Shandong provincial government as a typical local government. On the basis of the analysis, we try to combine the point and surface to show the overall appearance of the social investigation of the Nanjing government. In addition, this paper makes a statistical analysis on the number of the social investigations of the Nanjing national government, the Geological Survey Institute and the Shandong provincial government, and makes a further analysis on this basis to reflect the overall situation of the social investigation in the period of the national government of Nanjing and to reflect the overall situation of the social investigation in Nanjing's national government. Point.
After the establishment of the national government of Nanjing, the importance of the social investigation was more sober in the need of the founding of the people's Republic of China, which contributed to the large-scale development of the government's social investigation.
As far as the time was concerned, the number of social surveys in the government began to rise sharply in 1929 and a sudden decline in 1935. As far as the region was concerned, almost all the provinces and regions throughout the country had been investigated before 1937, but the survey was mostly in the political, economic, and culturally developed provinces, but the situation had changed after 1937, and the investigation was inclined to the western region. In terms of content, the government's social surveys are rich in content, involving all aspects of social life, with the largest number of economic surveys, followed by social surveys.
The social demand is the direct cause of the prosperity of the government investigation and the two basic characteristics of the social investigation of the Nanjing government, which is closely related to social administration and social improvement. Among them, the relationship between the administrative and social investigation is the most fundamental. The main reason for the government to favor the social investigation is to provide the digitalization of its governance through the investigation of social facts. There is a causal relationship between social investigation and government policy making. However, sometimes due to the conditions, there will be "causal asymmetry".
Limited by historical conditions, the social investigation activities and results of the national government of Nanjing inevitably have various defects, but they can not therefore wipe out their contribution, especially the modern concept of scientific governance that can not be negated.
In the case analysis, the Central Committee mainly selected the two important institutions of the resource committee and the geological survey to examine the relationship between the social investigation of the Nanjing national government and the development of modern Chinese economy and the progress of modern science.
The resource committee is a national defense preparation agency and the most important government agency for the systematic survey of China's basic state. Its predecessor was the national defense Design Committee, which was located at the beginning of its establishment in the research and planning of national defense construction, despite the completion of the investigation and the changes in the international situation. The task turned to heavy industry construction, but it was undeniable that the investigation work laid a solid foundation for China's industrial development and national defense preparation. Through the overall analysis of the social investigation of the resource committee, this paper examines the role of the government investigation in China's social and economic development, and through the resources Commission of China The first national industrial survey and the general survey on population and agriculture in Jurong county to discuss the concrete operation mode of the society in the process of social investigation, the role of the institutions and institutions highlighted, and the analysis of their advantages and disadvantages, so as to provide a real understanding of the social investigation of the national government of Nanjing.
Geological survey is an important institution in the history of the development of modern science in China. The geoscience founder of Ding Wenjiang and Weng Weng led to the geological survey. Based on the relevant data, this paper makes a statistical analysis on the number of geological survey in order to comprehensively investigate the development of the whole and the development of the earth science. And through the practice of Ding Wenjiang and Weng Wen's lifetime geological survey, this paper highlights the great role of geological survey in the development of geology, so as to further investigate the relationship between social investigation and the progress of modern science in China.
In the local case, the paper selected the social survey of the Shandong provincial government as an investigation object to show the implementation and development of the social investigation in the government at that time. The social investigation of the Shandong provincial government is not quite typical, but the Shandong provincial government itself is typical, especially in the period of the 1930-1937 years of Han Fuju's main Lu. The relationship between the Shandong provincial government and the central government of the Kuomintang in Nanjing is extremely subtle. Han Fuju, the warlords' origin, maintains the interests of his only kingdom alone, and does not hesitate to fight with Jiang Jieshi on the issue of principle. However, in the development of Shandong's local economy, the goal of the two is to make the government carry out various undertakings. Basic work is also popular at this time. This is the trend of the development of China's modernization, on the other hand, it is also the result of the influence of the central government of Nanjing and the executive order of the central government. This paper makes a statistical analysis on the number of Shandong provincial government's social investigation through relevant information, and focuses on its investigation types. The way and the characteristics, and through the Zouping county population survey to spy on the method of social investigation. It is worth noting that, although from the political point of view, the national government is not a progressive political force, the Shandong provincial government and the central government of Nanjing have some contradictions, but both of them are consistent in the concept of scientific governance and in the development of China. The pace of the aspect is also consistent, so we can not simply deny the ruling of the Kuomintang and the ruling of the local warlords. To judge the gains and losses of a regime, in addition to examining its politics, it should also see whether it has a measure conducive to the development of the society and economy, and to analyze these measures.
In general, the social investigation conducted by the Nanjing national government is the largest, more complete and far-reaching government investigation in modern Chinese history. It embodies the modern concept of scientific governance, provides a basis for the formulation of relevant policies of the national government, and promotes the development of China's social and economic development at a certain degree. And the progress of science.

【學位授予單位】：山東大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D693.79;K262.9

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