本文選題：民國(guó)時(shí)期 + 北京　； 參考：《河北大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：北京電車(chē)公司是官商合辦的股份有限公司，不僅創(chuàng)辦了北京的有軌電車(chē)事業(yè)，而且兼營(yíng)公共汽車(chē)，是一家擔(dān)負(fù)著北京公共交通的主要企業(yè)，在北京城市交通史上占有十分重要的地位。研究北京電車(chē)公司產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展變化的歷史，有著重要的學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義，不僅能推進(jìn)人們對(duì)社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期北京公共交通問(wèn)題的深入研究，而且有益于人們從城市交通的視角對(duì)民國(guó)時(shí)期的北京有進(jìn)一步的認(rèn)識(shí)，豐富北京地方史的研究?jī)?nèi)容。 本文以民國(guó)時(shí)期北京電車(chē)公司為研究個(gè)案，重點(diǎn)研究北京的市政建設(shè)、北京電車(chē)公司的創(chuàng)辦過(guò)程、發(fā)展變化、經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況、職工生活狀況和勞動(dòng)條件、兼營(yíng)公共汽車(chē)以及電車(chē)與人力車(chē)的矛盾等方面，探討北京電車(chē)公司在北京城市公共交通近代化過(guò)程中的作用，并分析北京電車(chē)公司慘淡經(jīng)營(yíng)、緩慢發(fā)展的原因，從而透視出舊中國(guó)北京城市交通近代化的艱難歷程。 清末民初中國(guó)的市政建設(shè)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于歐洲。隨著民族資本主義的發(fā)展，作為首都的北京邁出了市政近代化的步伐。而京都市政公所進(jìn)行的整修街道、開(kāi)放公園等一系列市政建設(shè)為北京電車(chē)公司的創(chuàng)辦提供了客觀(guān)條件。 近代北京人口激增。為解決交通困難問(wèn)題，北洋政府成立了官商合辦性質(zhì)的北京電車(chē)股份有限公司。官商合辦的性質(zhì)，對(duì)北京電車(chē)公司的發(fā)展起了一定促進(jìn)的作用。一方面，政府部門(mén)為北京電車(chē)公司提供了保護(hù)，在一定程度上減少了創(chuàng)建過(guò)程中的阻力。另一方面，招商集資，便于北京電車(chē)公司籌措資金，有利于企業(yè)的發(fā)展。但北京電車(chē)公司在創(chuàng)辦過(guò)程中充滿(mǎn)了艱辛。北京電車(chē)公司與各方周旋，克服了重重阻力，工程建筑才完竣通車(chē)。北京電車(chē)事業(yè)初具規(guī)模，處于逐步向前發(fā)展的階段。 北京電車(chē)公司先后經(jīng)歷了北洋政府統(tǒng)治時(shí)期、日偽統(tǒng)治和國(guó)民黨統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，在不同的時(shí)期都發(fā)生了很大變化。北洋政府統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，由于股本不敷支出，便發(fā)行公司債，但從此背上了高額債款，埋下了危機(jī)的種子。國(guó)民黨統(tǒng)治前期，管理機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)生了很大變化。國(guó)民政府不僅委派官股董事而且指定常務(wù)董事。日偽統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，日本強(qiáng)行接管了北京電車(chē)公司。日偽當(dāng)局控制著北京電車(chē)公司董事會(huì)，把持了一切大權(quán)。日本還企圖掠奪北京電車(chē)公司商股股權(quán)，但因遭到股東大會(huì)的反對(duì)而未果。抗戰(zhàn)勝利后，國(guó)民黨政府接管了北京電車(chē)公司，重新恢復(fù)了董事會(huì)制度，并對(duì)電車(chē)事業(yè)進(jìn)行整頓。整頓措施雖略見(jiàn)成效，但電車(chē)事業(yè)的衰勢(shì)已非國(guó)民黨政府所能遏止。 北京電車(chē)公司經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況一直不振，虧損嚴(yán)重。票制、票價(jià)也隨之多次發(fā)生變化。北京電車(chē)公司表面上是官商合辦，但實(shí)際上是以官方為主，而實(shí)權(quán)操縱在法國(guó)人手中。由于北京電車(chē)公司機(jī)構(gòu)龐大臃腫，運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不靈以及采用與企業(yè)的性質(zhì)極不相稱(chēng)的人事配備，嚴(yán)重阻礙了電車(chē)這一公用事業(yè)的發(fā)展。北京電車(chē)公司在經(jīng)營(yíng)發(fā)展過(guò)程中，既有成功的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，也有不盡人意的地方。如公司以“官利”的形式，鼓勵(lì)投資，為防止弊端又加以變通。對(duì)軍警辦理公務(wù)，擬定優(yōu)待辦法，并贈(zèng)送免費(fèi)券。但由此導(dǎo)致的軍人乘車(chē)概不購(gòu)票現(xiàn)象非常嚴(yán)重，致使車(chē)路秩序混亂，事故頻發(fā)，公司賠累不堪。 北京電車(chē)公司是一家擁有千人以上的大企業(yè)，建立了職工退職養(yǎng)老金、撫恤金以及獎(jiǎng)金等制度，并規(guī)定了各項(xiàng)福利制度。職工生活狀況及勞動(dòng)條件在不同的時(shí)期有所不同。但在日偽統(tǒng)治時(shí)期最為艱難，不僅工資低微而且工作時(shí)間長(zhǎng)、勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大，員工一旦積勞成疾便遭革棄。此外，工人經(jīng)常遭到軍警及日本人的毆辱，人身沒(méi)有保障。由于生活艱難，工人為了增加工資以及維護(hù)自身安全進(jìn)行了多次罷工斗爭(zhēng)。 北京電車(chē)公司為了彌補(bǔ)電車(chē)運(yùn)力的不足，擬兼營(yíng)公共汽車(chē)。但因政府批駁，以致兼營(yíng)公共汽車(chē)的計(jì)劃落空。北平市政府卻自行創(chuàng)辦公共汽車(chē)，并與北京電車(chē)公司展開(kāi)了激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，雙方矛盾重重。日偽統(tǒng)治時(shí)期，在財(cái)政極端困難的情況下，北京電車(chē)公司被迫兼營(yíng)公共汽車(chē)。抗戰(zhàn)勝利后，北京電車(chē)公司與市營(yíng)公共汽車(chē)矛盾再起，而北京汽車(chē)股份有限公司便是雙方矛盾相互協(xié)調(diào)的產(chǎn)物。北京電車(chē)公司兼營(yíng)公共汽車(chē)歷時(shí)13年，跨越國(guó)民黨統(tǒng)治前期、日偽統(tǒng)治及國(guó)民黨統(tǒng)治后期三個(gè)歷史時(shí)期。在此期間，枝節(jié)橫生，，幾經(jīng)艱難曲折。 北京電車(chē)自創(chuàng)辦之日起就遭到了人力車(chē)夫的反對(duì)。隨著人力車(chē)夫的生活日益艱難，電車(chē)與人力車(chē)之間的矛盾沖突愈演愈烈，最終爆發(fā)了轟動(dòng)北京城的人力車(chē)夫砸毀電車(chē)風(fēng)潮。人力車(chē)夫砸毀電車(chē)風(fēng)潮的發(fā)生既有其深刻的政治原因也有其經(jīng)濟(jì)原因。 北京城市近代化的重要標(biāo)志之一是公共交通的近代化。北京電車(chē)公司在北京走向近代化的過(guò)程中起了促進(jìn)作用，緩解了不斷增長(zhǎng)的人口與城市交通之間的矛盾，對(duì)北京的城市交通建設(shè)做出了貢獻(xiàn)，加快了北京社會(huì)變遷的步伐。從北京電車(chē)公司創(chuàng)辦與經(jīng)營(yíng)的發(fā)展變化過(guò)程中可以看出，中國(guó)城市近代化的歷程是艱難曲折的。
[Abstract]:Beijing tram company is a Limited by Share Ltd which is organized by officials and businessmen. It has not only founded the tram business of Beijing, but also a bus. It is a major enterprise responsible for Beijing's public transportation. It occupies a very important position in the urban traffic history of Beijing. It is important to study the history of the production and development of the Beijing electric car company. The academic value and practical significance not only promote the in-depth study of the public transport problem in Beijing during the period of social transformation, but also benefit people from the perspective of urban traffic to have a further understanding of Beijing in the period of the Republic of China, and enrich the research content of the local history of Beijing.
Based on the case of Beijing tramcar in the period of the Republic of China, this paper focuses on the municipal construction of Beijing, the establishment process of Beijing tram company, the development and change, the operating condition, the living conditions and labor conditions of the staff and workers, and the contradiction between the bus and the tram and the rickshaw, and probes into the public traffic of the Beijing tram company in Beijing city. The role of the generation process, and the analysis of the cause of the slow development of Beijing tramcar company, and the difficult course of the modernization of urban traffic in Beijing of old China.
The municipal construction of China was far behind Europe in the early Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China. With the development of national capitalism, Beijing, as the capital, has taken the pace of municipal modernization. And a series of municipal construction, such as the renovation of the streets and the open parks, provided the objective conditions for the creation of the Beijing tram company.
In order to solve the problem of traffic difficulties in modern Beijing, in order to solve the problem of traffic difficulties, the Beiyang government established the Beijing tramcar Limited by Share Ltd with the nature of official business and business. The nature of the official business has played a certain role in the development of the Beijing tramcar company. On the one hand, the government has provided the protection for the Beijing tram company and reduced the creation to a certain extent. Resistance in the process, on the other hand, it is convenient for Beijing tram company to raise funds and facilitate the development of enterprises. But Beijing tram company is full of hardships in the process of founding. Beijing tram company has overcome heavy resistance with all sides, and the construction of the construction is completed. Beijing tramcar has begun to take shape and is progressively moving forward. The stage of the exhibition.
The Beijing tram company experienced the period of the government of Beiyang, the rule of the Japanese puppet government and the period of the Kuomintang rule, and changed greatly during the period of the Kuomintang rule. In the period of the rule of the Beiyang government, the company debt was issued because of the lack of capital expenditure, but the high amount of debt was on the back, and the seeds of the crisis were buried. Great changes have taken place. The national government not only appointed the directors but also appointed the standing directors. In the period of the Japanese puppet rule, Japan took over the Beijing tram company. The Japanese puppet authorities controlled the Beijing tramcar's board of directors and held all the power. Japan also attempted to plunder the Beijing tramcar shares, but was opposed by the shareholders' meeting. After the victory of the war of resistance, the Kuomintang government took over the Beijing tram company, resumed the board system and rectified the tram industry. Although the rectifying measures were a little effective, the decline of the tram business was not stopped by the Kuomintang government.
Beijing tram company has been running out of operation, the loss is serious, the ticket system and the ticket price have changed many times. The Beijing tramcar company is on the surface, but it is officially dominated by the official and manipulated in the hands of the French. As the Beijing tramcar company is huge and overstaffed, it is very incompatible with the nature of the enterprise. In the course of business development, Beijing tram company has both successful experience and unsatisfactory place. For example, the company encourages investment in the form of "official profit", in order to prevent the malpractice. However, the resulting passenger ticket purchase is very serious, resulting in chaotic traffic and frequent accidents.
Beijing tram company is a large enterprise with more than 1000 people. It has established retirement pension, pension and bonus system, and stipulates various welfare systems. The living conditions and labor conditions of the workers are different in different periods. But in the period of the Japanese puppet rule, it is the most difficult, not only the low wages but also the long working time. In addition, the workers are often dishonored by the military and the Japanese, and the people are not guaranteed. Because of the difficult life, the workers have fought many times to increase their wages and maintain their own safety.
The Beijing tram company, in order to make up for the shortage of tram transportation, intends to concurrently run a bus. But because of the government refutation, the plan to run a bus has fallen out. The government of the city of Beiping started its own bus, and had a fierce competition with the Beijing tramcar company. The two sides had a heavy contradiction. In the period of the Japanese puppet rule, in the extremely difficult financial situation, After the victory of the war of resistance against Japan, the Beijing tramcar company was forced to run the bus. The contradiction between Beijing tram company and the city battalion bus was repeated, and the Beijing automobile Limited by Share Ltd was the product of the contradiction and coordination between the two sides. The Beijing tram company took 13 years, spanning the early period of the Kuomintang rule, the Japanese puppet rule and the later three of the Kuomintang rule. A historical period. During this period, twists and turns were born.
Beijing tram has been opposed by the human rickshaw from the day of its founding. With the increasingly difficult life of the human rickshaw, the conflict between the tram and the human rickshaw became more and more intense, and the rickshaw rickshaw broke up with the Beijing city. The rickshaw rickshaw broke down the tram and had its profound political reasons. Economic reasons.
One of the important symbols of the modernization of Beijing city is the modernization of public transportation. The Beijing tram company has played a role in promoting the modernization of Beijing, alleviates the contradiction between the growing population and urban traffic, contributes to the urban traffic construction in Beijing, and accelerates the pace of the social change in Beijing. From Beijing electric power In the process of development and change of car companies, we can see that the process of modernization of Chinese cities is hard and tortuous.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K262.9;F572.89

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本文編號(hào)：1819918