本文選題：太平天國 + 降將　； 參考：《河南師范大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：十九世紀中葉,中國爆發(fā)了太平天國運動。在太平天國的政治號召下,大江南北的民眾被召喚起來,向清政府發(fā)起了猛烈的進攻。這場震動全國的農民起義雖然以失敗而告終,但它鼓舞了人們的反抗精神。太平天國戰(zhàn)爭前期,太平軍中鮮有投降者,戰(zhàn)爭后期,各城、各地太平軍將領中幾乎都有變節(jié)者。自古以來,史家對那些變節(jié)投降的人的評價都不高,因為中國傳統(tǒng)文化中衡量人格的道德原則之一便是做人的氣節(jié)。而這些降將在危難關頭所表現(xiàn)出來的行為,則體現(xiàn)不出一點氣節(jié)。這些投降的太平軍將領是否都應受到批判,我們不能一概而論,這需要從其投降的原因來分析。戰(zhàn)場的形勢從來都是瞬息萬變的,與清廷相比,太平天國始終是弱勢的一方,這是太平軍將領大量投降的直接原因,但具體到每一位太平軍將領身上,其投降的原因則并不相同。這些降將因投降時間、投降原因不一,所以他們投降后,清將對其的態(tài)度以及他們投入清軍陣營后的任職情況也各不相同,有很強的階段性特征。由于史料有限,我們不可能得到所有降將的詳細資料,但可從已知的資料中,從個別降將的典型事例中,得出一個相對性的論斷。在戰(zhàn)爭后期,那些過參加金田起義的將士在局勢大變后并不曾投降,這些將士始終忠于太平天國,與那些投降將士形成了鮮明的對比,這是一個值得深思的問題。太平天國后期發(fā)生大規(guī)模投降的原因,學界各有評說,本文從這些降將參軍前的籍貫、社會成分、投降地域等方面進行綜合考察后,提出了自己的見解。太平天國戰(zhàn)爭期間因兵災造成了大量流民,這些流民也成為太平軍的主要兵源。因生活所迫,這些流民身上有很重的劣根性,他們毫無信念,毫無追求,當初參加太平軍是為了生存,太平天國局勢變危后,這些流民出身的將士紛紛投降也是為了生存。從清廷的臣民成為社會流民,從社會流民成為太平軍將士,從太平軍將士再轉化為清廷的臣民,看似很簡單的規(guī)律,事實上有很深刻的社會原因。
[Abstract]:In the middle of the nineteenth century, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement broke out in China. Under the political call of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the people in the north and south of the river were summoned to launch a fierce attack on the Qing government. The peasant uprising, which rocked the country, ended in failure, but it inspired the spirit of resistance. In the early period of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War, there were few capitulators in Taiping Army. Since ancient times, historians have not highly evaluated those who surrender, because one of the moral principles of personality in traditional Chinese culture is the integrity of man. And the behavior that these health will show in time of crisis, do not show a bit of integrity. We cannot generalize whether these surrendered generals should be criticized. We need to analyze the reasons for their surrender. The situation on the battlefield has always changed rapidly. Compared with the Qing Dynasty, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom has always been a weak party. This is the direct reason for the mass surrender of the generals of the Taiping Army, but it is specific to every general of the Taiping Army. The reasons for their surrender are not the same. These surrender will be due to the time of surrender, surrender reasons are different, so after they surrender, the Qing general's attitude toward them and their post after they joined the Qing camp are also different, with very strong stage characteristics. Due to the limited historical data, it is impossible for us to obtain the detailed data of all the fallen generals, but we can draw a conclusion of relativity from the known data and from the typical examples of individual fallen generals. In the later period of the war, those who had participated in the Jintian uprising did not surrender after the great change of the situation. They were always loyal to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, in sharp contrast to those who surrendered, which is a question worth pondering over. The reasons for the large-scale surrender occurred in the late Taiping Heavenly Kingdom have been commented by different scholars. After a comprehensive investigation of the origin, social elements and surrender region before the surrender, this paper puts forward some opinions. During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War, a large number of displaced people were caused by military disasters, and these displaced people also became the main source of soldiers of Taiping Army. Forced by life, these displaced people have a very bad nature, they have no faith, no pursuit, they joined the Taiping Army to survive, after the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom situation has become dangerous, these displaced soldiers surrendered in order to survive. From the subjects of the Qing Dynasty to the displaced people, from the displaced people to the officers of the Taiping Army, and from the officers of the Taiping Army to the subjects of the Qing Dynasty, it seems that the law is very simple, in fact, there are very profound social reasons.
【學位授予單位】：河南師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K254

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