本文選題：東北義和團(tuán) + 忠義軍��； 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：東北義和團(tuán)、忠義軍和抗俄清軍等組織在義和團(tuán)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期掀起反抗沙俄侵略的武裝斗爭(zhēng),是近代中國(guó)人民反抗列強(qiáng)侵略的一個(gè)縮影,它粉碎了沙俄在東北的“黃俄羅斯”計(jì)劃,體現(xiàn)出自發(fā)性、群眾性、組織性、連續(xù)性特點(diǎn),為了解清末東北社會(huì)和研究中俄關(guān)系提供一個(gè)視窗,具有重要的學(xué)術(shù)研究?jī)r(jià)值。 本文以參與抗俄斗爭(zhēng)的人群為研究對(duì)象,嘗試將底層民眾與上層社會(huì)建立聯(lián)系,把政治和社會(huì)、文化因素結(jié)合起來(lái),從社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)、社會(huì)群體與社會(huì)變遷的角度去整合、解讀義和團(tuán)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期東北地區(qū)的抗俄斗爭(zhēng)。本文分五章剖析義和團(tuán)、忠義軍和抗俄清軍三大抗俄群體,總結(jié)各組織抗俄斗爭(zhēng)的特點(diǎn),探究破產(chǎn)農(nóng)民、手工業(yè)者、馬賊、散兵潰勇和愛國(guó)官員等階層組織抗俄的原因。具體結(jié)構(gòu)如下： 第一章導(dǎo)論,簡(jiǎn)要論述本文歷史背景、選題意義和研究方法,著重回顧東北義和團(tuán)、忠義軍研究領(lǐng)域的學(xué)術(shù)成果。 第二章論述東北反帝抗俄組織義和團(tuán)。第一節(jié)從史料記載中梳理義和團(tuán)在東北各地的傳播情況,從時(shí)間上看,光緒二十六年二月義和團(tuán)在遼寧營(yíng)口最先出現(xiàn),到六月初東北義和團(tuán)運(yùn)動(dòng)達(dá)到高潮�？傮w上,義和團(tuán)是通過(guò)水路和陸路先傳入鄰近直魯?shù)倪|寧,進(jìn)而逐漸發(fā)展到吉林、黑龍江兩省的。第二節(jié)論述東北義和團(tuán)的組織構(gòu)成和斗爭(zhēng)特點(diǎn),東北義和團(tuán)是在直魯義和團(tuán)的影響下興起的,其組織形式、斗爭(zhēng)方式既繼承義和團(tuán)的傳統(tǒng),同時(shí)也存在地域特色。第三節(jié)論述東北義和團(tuán)在俄國(guó)殘暴殺戮和清政府鎮(zhèn)壓下失敗。 第三章對(duì)忠義軍形成、組織構(gòu)成、戰(zhàn)略戰(zhàn)術(shù)以及與清政府的關(guān)系作出剖析與解讀。由于國(guó)情和組織構(gòu)成的影響和塑造,較之東北義和團(tuán),忠義軍在抗俄斗爭(zhēng)的表現(xiàn)上有所不同。忠義軍是東北義和團(tuán)被鎮(zhèn)壓以后,由以劉永和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的忠義軍、楊玉麟率領(lǐng)的鎮(zhèn)東軍和王和達(dá)、董老道為首的義和團(tuán)余部組成的松散抗俄組織。馬賊、潰勇出身的忠義軍在長(zhǎng)期的斗爭(zhēng)過(guò)程中,總結(jié)出一整套戰(zhàn)略戰(zhàn)術(shù),掌握精銳的武器裝備,一方面給俄軍沉重打擊,一方面也暴露出馬賊流寇的弱點(diǎn)。同時(shí)也對(duì)東北土匪這一邊緣群體影響深遠(yuǎn)。本章第三節(jié)探究清政府與忠義軍亦敵亦友的關(guān)系,從當(dāng)時(shí)清政府抗俄態(tài)度,了解清政府與俄國(guó)的關(guān)系,從忠義軍等下層民眾投靠朝廷又復(fù)而為匪的史實(shí)中,認(rèn)識(shí)中國(guó)下層民眾對(duì)官員抱有既寄托企盼又憎惡恐懼的矛盾心理。 第四章對(duì)保家衛(wèi)國(guó)的東北清軍加以分析。在義和團(tuán)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期的東北抗俄斗爭(zhēng)中,統(tǒng)治階層也扮演重要角色。本章分析東北地區(qū)官員對(duì)俄國(guó)的態(tài)度,與抗俄民眾的關(guān)系,從而解讀東北主張抗俄斗爭(zhēng)的官兵特點(diǎn)。在是否以武裝斗爭(zhēng)的方式抗擊俄軍的問(wèn)題上,東北官員存在很大分歧,導(dǎo)致東北各個(gè)地區(qū)清軍抗俄的態(tài)度和斗爭(zhēng)情況并不相同。筆者注意到19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初東北官員主張抗俄斗爭(zhēng)是以忠君為前提的。當(dāng)朝廷支持抗俄斗爭(zhēng)時(shí),忠君與愛國(guó)趨于一致,從而激發(fā)官員和士兵的愛國(guó)思想,表現(xiàn)為抗俄斗爭(zhēng)的大無(wú)畏精神。但是當(dāng)朝廷轉(zhuǎn)變政策,使得忠君與愛國(guó)思想發(fā)生矛盾時(shí),一些官員往往選擇與清政府保持一致。 第五章分析這些群體抗俄行為的動(dòng)機(jī)和目的,對(duì)抗俄群體作全面客觀的評(píng)價(jià)。第一節(jié)論述農(nóng)民階層政治意識(shí)、民族意識(shí)、宗教崇拜、文化心理兩極性,從思想意識(shí)層面探尋東北下層人民從普通百姓到拿起武器抗擊侵略軍、從馬賊到抗俄英雄這種轉(zhuǎn)變的原因。第二節(jié)全面、客觀審視和評(píng)價(jià)東北抗俄群體。目前對(duì)東北抗俄斗爭(zhēng)的研究成果頗豐,其中對(duì)義和團(tuán)、忠義軍和抗俄清軍的評(píng)價(jià)不乏存在有失公正的現(xiàn)象。研究歷史貴在求真,筆者從抗俄群體的社會(huì)環(huán)境、個(gè)人因素等方面加以分析,認(rèn)為東北抗俄群體抗擊俄國(guó)侵略者的行為是多種動(dòng)機(jī)交互作用的結(jié)果,其中反抗俄國(guó)侵略的愛國(guó)主義精神起主要作用�？苟矶窢�(zhēng)是近代中國(guó)人民反侵略斗爭(zhēng)的重要組成部分,體現(xiàn)民眾民族意識(shí)的覺醒和樸素的愛國(guó)主義情感。但是受自身因素局限,在斗爭(zhēng)中有思想觀念落后、手段方式錯(cuò)誤的缺陷,給社會(huì)帶來(lái)一定的破壞性。
[Abstract]:In the period of the Boxer Movement, the Northeast boxer, the loyal and the Russian army and the Qing army set off the armed struggle against the aggression of the tsarist Russia in the period of the Boxer Movement. It was a miniature of the Chinese people's resistance to the aggression of the imperialist powers in modern times. It smashed the "yellow Russia" plan in the northeast of the tsarist Russia, reflecting the characteristics of its nature, mass, organization and continuity, to understand the northeast of the Qing Dynasty. Society and Research on Sino Russian relations provide a window with important academic research value.
This article, taking the crowd of the anti Russian struggle as the research object, tries to connect the bottom people with the upper class society, combine the political and social and cultural factors, integrate the social structure, the social group and the social change, and interpret the anti Russian struggle in the northeastern region of the Boxer Movement during the period of the Boxer Movement. This article is divided into five chapters to analyze the boxer and the loyalty The three major anti Russian groups of the army and the Russian army of the anti Russian army summed up the characteristics of the anti Russian struggle of the organizations, and explored the reasons for the organization of the anti Russian forces, such as the bankrupt peasants, the handicraftsmen, the thieves, the army of the bulk of the soldiers and the patriotic officials. The concrete structure is as follows:
The first chapter is an introduction, which briefly describes the historical background, significance and research methods of this article, and focuses on reviewing the academic achievements of the Northeast China boxer and Zhongyi army.
The second chapter discusses the boxers of the anti imperialist and anti Russian organization in Northeast China. The first section combs the spread of the boxers in the northeast from the historical records. From the time of view, the boxer of the boxer appeared first in Yingkou, Liaoning, in February, and the Boxer Movement in Northeast China reached its climax in the early June. On the whole, the boxer was introduced through the waterway and Lu Luxian. Neighboring Zhuru Liaoning, and then gradually develop to Jilin and Heilongjiang two provinces. The second section discusses the organizational structure and struggle characteristics of the Northeast boxer. The Northeast boxer is springing up under the influence of Zhuru Yi and the group. Its organization form, the way of struggle not only inherits the tradition of the boxers, but also has regional characteristics. The third section discusses the Northeast meaning and the third section. The regiment failed under the brutal killing of Russia and the suppression of the Qing government.
The third chapter makes an analysis and interpretation of the formation, composition, strategic and tactics and the relationship with the Qing government. Due to the influence and molding of the national conditions and organization, the loyalty army is different from the Northeast boxers in the struggle against Russia. The loyal army is the loyal and loyal army led by Liu Yonghe after the Northeast boxer was suppressed. A loose anti Russian organization, led by Yu Lin, led by the eastern army and Wang Heda, and Dong Lao Dao as the leader of the boxer League. The horse thieves, the loyal and loyal army who broke up in the long struggle, summed up a complete set of strategic and tactical tactics, mastered sharp weapons and equipment. On the one hand, they hit the Russian army heavy and exposed the weakness of the roid rob. The third section of this chapter explores the relationship between the Qing government and the loyal and loyal army as well as the friends of the enemy. From the attitude of the Qing government at that time, the relationship between the Qing government and the Russians was understood, and from the historical facts of the restoration of the government from the lower level of the loyal army to the court and the bandits. The paradox of fear of fear.
The fourth chapter analyzes the Northeast Qing army of the boxer's country. In the period of the Boxer Movement, the ruling class also plays an important role. This chapter analyzes the attitude of the officials in the northeast and the relations with the anti Russian people, so as to interpret the characteristics of the officers and men in the northeast, which advocates the struggle against Russia. On the issue of the Russian army, there were great differences in the Northeast officials, which led to the different attitudes and struggles between the army and the army in the northeast. The author noted that in the late nineteenth Century and early twentieth Century, the Northeast officials advocated the struggle against Russia on the premise of loyalty to the emperor. The patriotic thought of the soldiers was shown as the dauntless spirit of the struggle against Russia. However, some officials often chose to keep in line with the Qing government when the government changed policy and made the loyalty of loyalty and patriotism conflicted.
The fifth chapter analyzes the motives and aims of these groups of anti Russian behavior, and makes a comprehensive and objective evaluation of the Russian group. The first section discusses the political consciousness of the peasants, the national consciousness, the religious worship, and the cultural and psychological polarity. From the ideological level, the people of the northeastern lower strata from the common surname to the armed forces to fight against the aggression, from the thieves to the anti Russian and British. The second section is a comprehensive, objective review and evaluation of the Northeast anti Russian group. At present, the research results of the Northeast anti Russian struggle are quite fruitful. Among them, there are no lack of impartiality in the evaluation of the boxers, the loyal army and the army of the anti Russian army. The history of the study is valuable in seeking truth, and the author from the social environment and individual factors of the anti Russian group. It is considered that the behavior of the Northeast anti Russian group against the Russian aggressors is the result of the interaction of various motives, and the patriotic spirit of resistance to the Russian aggression plays a major role. The struggle against Russia is an important part of the anti aggression struggle of the Chinese people in modern times, reflecting the awakening of the people's national consciousness and the simple patriotism. However, due to the limitations of their own factors, there are some shortcomings in the struggle, such as backward ideas and wrong ways and means, which will bring certain damage to the society.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K256.7

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