本文選題：李鴻章　切入點：宗藩關(guān)系　出處：《湖南師范大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文

【摘要】：宗藩關(guān)系作為在東亞存在兩千多年的國際秩序體系,在近代背景下,發(fā)生了重大變化。李鴻章作為晚清重臣,活躍于晚清外交一線,其宗藩關(guān)系觀念形成于外交實踐中,也反過來深刻影響其外交決策。近世以降,李鴻章的宗藩關(guān)系觀念逐漸發(fā)生變異。其深受“中體西用”觀念影響,一方面,其宗藩關(guān)系觀念逐步“西化”,把西方國際公法認(rèn)識內(nèi)化于宗藩危機(jī)應(yīng)對中,突破“治以不治”觀念的桎梏,主動干預(yù)屬國事務(wù),意圖重新構(gòu)建宗藩體系。而面對西方文明的激烈沖擊,加之清王朝的勢弱,屬國內(nèi)部自主情緒日熾,李鴻章借鑒西方國際秩序中的屬國概念,在“治以需治”觀念基礎(chǔ)上形成全面強(qiáng)化宗藩控制的觀念,在控制過程中,李鴻章的強(qiáng)化宗藩控制觀念與屬國自主觀念產(chǎn)生了激烈沖突。最終,甲午戰(zhàn)爭后,宗藩關(guān)系被瓦解,但是李鴻章的宗藩觀念仍有所殘留,并不時影響李鴻章外交認(rèn)識和決策。另一方面,在積極吸收西方國際公法觀念之外,傳統(tǒng)觀念仍在李鴻章宗藩觀念中占有重要地位,其對于傳統(tǒng)宗藩制度,從現(xiàn)實需要出發(fā),進(jìn)行調(diào)適和變通,使之成為制衡公法制度破壞宗藩關(guān)系的有力武器。內(nèi)憂外患的現(xiàn)實讓李鴻章對于維系宗藩關(guān)系的目的和手段產(chǎn)生了新的認(rèn)識。滿足清王朝“天朝上國”的虛榮心已經(jīng)不是主要的目的,清朝的國家利益成為維系宗藩關(guān)系的出發(fā)點,其處理宗藩事務(wù)中所使用的手段與方法具有很強(qiáng)的現(xiàn)實主義色彩。此外,利用西方國際公法秩序維護(hù)傳統(tǒng)宗藩關(guān)系,成為李鴻章應(yīng)對宗藩危機(jī)最常使用的手段。李鴻章的傳統(tǒng)觀念與公法觀念在宗藩關(guān)系語境下,密切聯(lián)系,相互融合,又時而產(chǎn)生沖突。一方面,李鴻章以傳統(tǒng)宗藩關(guān)系觀念為框架,對西方國際公法規(guī)則進(jìn)行改造,然后將之融入到宗藩關(guān)系中;另一方面,西方國際公法觀念又對傳統(tǒng)宗藩秩序形成沖擊,破壞李鴻章的傳統(tǒng)觀念,讓其越發(fā)曲從于國際公法秩序。這揭示出李鴻章宗藩關(guān)系觀念變異的曲折性和反復(fù)性。李鴻章的宗藩關(guān)系觀念是晚清國人宗藩關(guān)系觀念的一個面相,在其觀念指導(dǎo)下,有損害屬國利益的行為,但認(rèn)真剖析其宗藩觀念,總結(jié)教訓(xùn),提煉有益因子,對于構(gòu)建新型的國際秩序具有一定借鑒作用。
[Abstract]:The suzerain-vassal relationship, as a system of international order that existed in East Asia for more than two thousand years, has undergone great changes under the background of modern times. Li Hongzhang, as an important official in the late Qing Dynasty, was active in the front line of diplomacy in the late Qing Dynasty, and his concept of suzerain-vassal relationship was formed in diplomatic practice. On the other hand, Li Hongzhang's concept of suzerain-vassal relations gradually changed. He was deeply influenced by the concept of "using the Chinese and the West". On the one hand, His concept of suzerain-vassal relationship gradually "westernized", internalized the western public international law in the response to the suzerain-vassal crisis, broke through the shackles of the idea of "governing without ruling", and took the initiative to interfere in the affairs of the state. In the face of the fierce impact of Western civilization and the weak power of the Qing Dynasty, the independent feelings within the imperial state were incandescent. Li Hongzhang drew lessons from the concept of the imperial state in the western international order. On the basis of the concept of "governing with the need for treatment", the concept of strengthening the Suzerain-vassal control was formed. In the process of control, there was a fierce conflict between Li Hongzhang's idea of strengthening the Suzerain-vassal control and the concept of independence of the subordinate state. Finally, after the Sino-Japanese War, the suzerain-vassal relationship was disintegrated. However, Li Hongzhang's concept of suzerain-vassal still remains, and from time to time affects the diplomatic understanding and decision-making of Li Hongzhang. On the other hand, in addition to actively absorbing western concepts of international public law, traditional concepts still play an important role in the concept of the suzerain-vassal state of Li Hongzhang. For the traditional suzerain-vassal system, it adjusts and adapts to the need of reality. The reality of internal and external troubles made Li Hongzhang have a new understanding of the purpose and means of maintaining the suzerain-vassal relationship, and satisfied the vanity of "the upper kingdom of the Chinese dynasty" in the Qing Dynasty. Is no longer the main purpose. The national interests of the Qing Dynasty became the starting point of maintaining the suzerain-vassal relationship, and the means and methods used in the handling of the suzerain-vassal affairs were very realistic. In addition, the western public international law order was used to maintain the traditional suzerain-vassal relations. In the context of suzerain-vassal relations, Li Hongzhang's traditional concepts and public law concepts are closely linked, integrated, and sometimes conflicted. Li Hongzhang, taking the traditional concept of suzerain-vassal relationship as the frame, reformed the rules of western public international law and then incorporated them into the suzerain-vassal relationship. On the other hand, the western concept of international public law had a great impact on the traditional suzerain-vassal order. Destroying Li Hongzhang's traditional concept and making it more and more from the order of international public law, this reveals the perversion and repetition of the variation in the concept of Li Hongzhang's suzerain-vassal relationship. The concept of the suzerain-vassal relationship of Li Hongzhang is a facet of the concept of suzerain-vassal relations among Chinese people in the late Qing Dynasty. Under the guidance of his concept, there are acts that harm the interests of the subordinate state, but it is useful for the construction of a new international order to seriously analyze his suzerain-vassal concept, sum up lessons, and refine beneficial factors.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：K252

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