經(jīng)世致用與中國(guó)近代化的起步
本文關(guān)鍵詞：經(jīng)世致用與中國(guó)近代化的起步，，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。
經(jīng)世致用與中國(guó)近代化的起步
經(jīng)世致用與中國(guó)近代化的起步
“經(jīng)世致用”是中國(guó)文化中理想政治的精義中一種外在的表現(xiàn)。在古老的中國(guó)由封建社會(huì)向著近代社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變的時(shí)候,特定的時(shí)代條件和社會(huì)歷史條件,使中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的思想文化和道德倫理觀念,受到嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)和檢驗(yàn)。在這個(gè)新的歷史轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)頭,傳統(tǒng)的“經(jīng)世致用”觀念發(fā)揮了其固有的積極入世精神和務(wù)實(shí)風(fēng)格,表現(xiàn)出其內(nèi)在的生命活力,服膺“經(jīng)世致用”的人們用自己的親身閱歷和實(shí)踐,把認(rèn)識(shí)中國(guó)和認(rèn)識(shí)世界推向了一個(gè)新的歷史階段——中國(guó)近代化——一個(gè)伴隨著西方資本主義侵略和世界近代化浪潮的沖擊,中國(guó)人自己開始探索符合中國(guó)國(guó)情的社會(huì)發(fā)展道路的歷史時(shí)代。這是一個(gè)很大的并且極其重要的課題,本文僅只就經(jīng)世致用與中國(guó)近代化起步之間的關(guān)系,從一個(gè)側(cè)面試作考察和淺析淺析。本文審視的目光放在一個(gè)特定的歷史階段——近代中國(guó)的開端,即19世紀(jì)40年代至60年代的中國(guó)社會(huì)內(nèi)部的有關(guān)變化及與受西方?jīng)_擊而回應(yīng)之思想變化方面,而把視角和注意力對(duì)準(zhǔn)林則徐、魏源、曾國(guó)藩、左宗棠四位經(jīng)世致用典型人物。本文共分五個(gè)部分:第一部分,主要敘述經(jīng)世致用觀念的歷史演變。作為一種傳統(tǒng)文化,經(jīng)世致用是指一種態(tài)度——對(duì)于國(guó)家政治與社會(huì)秩序的關(guān)懷和采取的行動(dòng)。這種態(tài)度的強(qiáng)硬軟弱程度,在不同的歷史時(shí)期和不同的學(xué)派之間存在差異。這種態(tài)度在晚清一代特別是在19世紀(jì)后期以來(lái)表現(xiàn)得尤其突出。第二部分,主要考察和淺析淺析林則徐、魏源的經(jīng)世致用及其歷史影響。面臨亙古未有的歷史大變局,中國(guó)的經(jīng)世派人物關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)發(fā)生了重要變化——從中國(guó)社會(huì)內(nèi)部不足轉(zhuǎn)移到西方的“船堅(jiān)炮利”;從邊疆地區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)向沿海一帶。他們開始對(duì)陌生的外部世界的追求,決心走向自己的近代化。林則徐以他的政治影響和遠(yuǎn)見卓識(shí),成為中國(guó)近代睜眼看世界的第一人,他以經(jīng)世觀念對(duì)于封建統(tǒng)治危機(jī)的看法和對(duì)外部世界的了解及其實(shí)踐活動(dòng),對(duì)后世產(chǎn)生巨大影響。而繼承其思想并加以具體化的魏源,則可謂近代變革維新思想的總設(shè)計(jì)師。他提出“師夷之長(zhǎng)技以制夷”的主張,為中國(guó)人走自己的近代化道路指明了努力的方向。林、魏的經(jīng)世思想中進(jìn)發(fā)出的變易觀和對(duì)外部世界的追求,是清中葉以來(lái)經(jīng)世思潮的發(fā)展,同時(shí),它又給經(jīng)世思潮注入新的血液。但是,時(shí)代和階級(jí)的局限,使他們的貢獻(xiàn)主要是為中國(guó)近代化起步作了精神準(zhǔn)備。這種精神準(zhǔn)備,卻是中國(guó)近代社會(huì)發(fā)展的思想前提之一。第三部分,主要考察和淺析淺析曾國(guó)藩、左宗棠的經(jīng)世致用及其歷史影響。經(jīng)過(guò)太平天國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)的沉重打擊和第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的慘痛教訓(xùn)之后,經(jīng)世派人物對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)的國(guó)情和世情有了較多的了解。如果說(shuō)林、魏等人竭力提倡經(jīng)世致用為中國(guó)近代化起步作了精神準(zhǔn)備,即創(chuàng)造了認(rèn)識(shí)的思想基礎(chǔ)和內(nèi)在因素的契入的話,那么,曾、左等人則在此基礎(chǔ)上開始了中國(guó)近代化的實(shí)踐。在現(xiàn)實(shí)的內(nèi)外重壓下,曾國(guó)藩改造了傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)學(xué),他要學(xué)會(huì)通漢、宋之學(xué),以程朱理學(xué)為根本,把義理之學(xué)與經(jīng)世致用結(jié)合起來(lái)而用于匡世濟(jì)民。曾國(guó)藩一生的事業(yè),都是從經(jīng)世之學(xué)而來(lái)的;一方面要維護(hù)傳統(tǒng),保守舊物,另一方面則又主張識(shí)時(shí)務(wù),要革新,接受西方先進(jìn)的科技文化的一部分,保守與革新,同時(shí)并存,這就是曾國(guó)藩經(jīng)世思想主張及其實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)。左宗棠既是一個(gè)具有濃厚的愛國(guó)精神并重視傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)的經(jīng)世者,又是一個(gè)政治上的保守者,這兩方面的因素使左宗棠在對(duì)西方認(rèn)識(shí)上,無(wú)法向前邁進(jìn)一步。但不可否認(rèn)的是,他與曾國(guó)藩一樣,是中國(guó)人向西方學(xué)習(xí)和探索中國(guó)近代化道路歷程中一位相當(dāng)重要的人物。第四部分,關(guān)于經(jīng)世致用思想對(duì)于中國(guó)近代化的起步的作用方面進(jìn)行了單獨(dú)論述,從中國(guó)政治的近代化、中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的近代化、中國(guó)軍事的近代化、中國(guó)教育的近代化四個(gè)方面對(duì)于四位經(jīng)世致用代表人物所發(fā)揮的作用進(jìn)行了各有側(cè)重的做了介紹。第五部分,總結(jié)經(jīng)世致用在中國(guó)近代化起步時(shí)所起著的歷史作用——既推動(dòng)又羈絆的雙重作用。經(jīng)世致用的實(shí)踐觀為中國(guó)近代化起步提供了思想認(rèn)識(shí)基礎(chǔ),表現(xiàn)出中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化中內(nèi)在的生命力所蘊(yùn)涵著的生機(jī);但經(jīng)世致用所顯露的傳統(tǒng)文化的變革極限,又決定了中國(guó)近代化步履維艱、曲折而漫長(zhǎng)的歷程。
【Abstract】 "Thought of Applying Theory to Reality" is external performance of the political ideal in the Chinese culture.During the modernization, the Chinese traditional thoughts and the moral ethics ideas received the stern challenge and the examination because of the changing of the specific time condition and the society historic condition. At the time of historical transition, the "Thought of Applying Theory to Reality" displayed positive spirit> practical style and intrinsic vigor. The people obeying "Thought of Applying Theory to Reality" pushed understanding Chinese and the world to one new historical stage of modernization with their experiences and practices, that was a time for Chinese to explore a path conforming to the Chinese national condition and social historical development with the aggression of west capitalism and the impact of modernization of the world.This is a big and extremely important topic, the article only analyze the relation of the very practical use and of the Chinese modernizing start, from a side test inspection and analysis. This article carefully examines the vision places a specific historical stage - - modern times China’s beginning, namely the 1840s to the 60s’s Chinese society interior’s related change and with the West is attacked thought of change aspect the response, but aims at the angle of view and the attention Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan, Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang four to govern the typical character of very practical use. this article is divided five parts:The first part, the main narration governs the idea historical evolution of very practical use. As one traditional culture, governs of very practical use is refers to one manner - - the motion which and adopts regarding the national politics and social order’s concern. This manner strong weak degree, between different historical period and different school of thought existence difference. Since this manner in has had clear one generation is specially displays especially in the late-19th century prominently.The second part, mainly inspects and analyzes Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan to govern of very practical use and the historical influence. faced with the unprecedented historical big change in situation, China governed sends the focal point which the character paid attention to have the radical change - - to shift from the Chinese society interior question to the West "Chuanjianbaoli"; Changes area the coast from the border area. They start to the strange outside world pursue, was determined that moves toward own modernizing. Lin Zexu by his political influence and the foresight and sagacity, becomes the Chinese modern times to open eyes looked that the world the first person, he by the broker idea regarding the feudal rule crisis’s view and to outside world’s understanding and practice, has the enormous influence to the later generation. But inherits Wei Yuan who its thought and performs the concrete application, then modern transformation reform thought chief design engineer. He proposed "teacher yi special skill by system yi" the position, took own modernizing path for the Chinese to indicate the direction diligently. The forest, Wei the change view which and to the outside world pursue governs in the thought to burst out, since has been the clear middle period governs the ideological trend development, simultaneously, it gives governs the ideological trend to pour into the new blood. But, the time and social class’s limitation, caused their contribution is mainly has made the spiritual preparation for the Chinese modernizing start. This spiritual preparation, is actually one of Chinese modern times social development thought premises.The third part, mainly inspects and analyzes Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang to govern of very practical use and the historical influence. after Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement serious attack and second Opium War’s deeply grieved lesson, governed sends the character had many understandings to national condition and the worldly affairs then. If forest, Wei et al. advocated by might and main governed has made the spiritual preparation of very practical use for the Chinese modernizing start, namely has created the understanding ideological foundation and the intrinsic factor agreement into words, that once, left et al. based on this started the Chinese modernizing practice. under reality inside and outside heavy pressure, Zeng Guofan transformed the traditional study, he wants to learn to pass the Chinese, the Song studying, take Cheng the Zhu Neo-Confucianism as the basis, and governs studying of the righteousness principle unifies of very practical use uses in Kuang Shiji the people. Zeng Guofan life the enterprise, is from governs studies comes; On the one hand must maintain the tradition, conservative things from a former age, on the other hand advocates understands what has to done, must innovate, accepts the Western advanced science and technology culture a part, keeps with the innovation, also coexists, this is Zeng Guofan governs the thought position and a practice outstanding feature.Zuo Zongtang is not only one has the strong patriotism and takes the traditional farming to govern, is also in a political conservative, these two aspect’s factor causes Zuo Zongtang, in knows to the West on, is unable to forge ahead one step. But what is undeniable, he is the same with Zeng Guofan, is the Chinese studies and explores in the Chinese modernizing path course to the West a quite important character..The fourth part, about governed the thought of very practical use to carry on alone the elaboration regarding the Chinese modernizing start function aspect, from Chinese politics’s modernizing, Chinese economy’s modernizing, Chinese military’s modernizing, China educated the modernizing four aspects the function which governed the representative personage of very practical use to display to carry on regarding four had the stress to make the introduction respectively.The fifth part, summarizes governs when Chinese modernizing start is playing the historical role - - both to promote and fetters’ dual function of very practical use.Governed the practice view of very practical use to provide the ideological recognition foundation for the Chinese modernizing start, displays in China traditional culture the intrinsic vitality was containing vitality; But governs the traditional culture transformation limit which of very practical use revealed that also had decided the Chinese modernizing walks with difficulty, winding and the long course.
【關(guān)鍵詞】 經(jīng)世致用； 中國(guó)近代化； 歷史演變； 歷史影響；【Key words】 Thought of Applying Theory to Reality； Modernization of China； Historical Evolvement； Historical Influence；
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本文關(guān)鍵詞：經(jīng)世致用與中國(guó)近代化的起步，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。
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