本文關(guān)鍵詞： 鴉片 “三角貿(mào)易” 供求關(guān)系 印度 東南亞 中國 鴉片泛濫　出處：《河北師范大學(xué)》2011年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：自公元10世紀(jì)起,印度鴉片就開始被阿拉伯人轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到國外。公元1500年前后的地理大發(fā)現(xiàn)標(biāo)志著世界歷史步入近代①,也同時揭開了西方列強(qiáng)殖民擴(kuò)張的序幕。最先來到亞洲的葡萄牙人利用原有的貿(mào)易網(wǎng)絡(luò),逐漸建立起葡萄牙大商帆貿(mào)易,亞洲的鴉片貿(mào)易隨之活躍。17世紀(jì),荷蘭人也揚(yáng)帆東來。在此后一百多年的時間里,荷蘭殖民者利用“鴉片煙”在東南亞傳播的有利條件,將印度的鴉片生產(chǎn)與東南亞的鴉片消費(fèi)牢牢地聯(lián)系起來。18世紀(jì)中葉,英國人占領(lǐng)了重要的鴉片產(chǎn)地孟加拉,并壟斷了當(dāng)?shù)氐镍f片業(yè),為大規(guī)模地組織鴉片生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備了條件。不久,單純吸食鴉片的方法在中國被發(fā)明了,在極短的時間內(nèi),中國便取代東南亞成為印度鴉片最大的國外市場。至此,印度生產(chǎn)鴉片而中國和東南亞消費(fèi)鴉片的“三角貿(mào)易”格局正式形成。19世紀(jì)上半葉,控制孟加拉鴉片的英國東印度公司與控制麻洼鴉片的印度土商為爭奪市場展開了激烈競爭。以1843年英國吞并信德為標(biāo)志,英國扼死了麻洼鴉片出口的咽喉。而1842年鴉片戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束以后,中國土產(chǎn)鴉片又逐漸興起,開始在中國市場上展開了與印度鴉片的競爭。印度鴉片在中國市場的份額逐漸減少,被迫向東南亞市場轉(zhuǎn)移,但在19世紀(jì)80年代以后,東南亞市場也完全飽和。與此同時,不斷降低的鴉片價格使得妄圖維持壟斷利潤的英印政府已無利可圖。20世紀(jì)初,走投無路的英印政府最終放棄了鴉片政策,“三角貿(mào)易”格局宣告終結(jié)。近代中國的鴉片泛濫與亞洲鴉片貿(mào)易格局的演變密切相關(guān)。本文考察了鴉片“三角貿(mào)易”格局形成、發(fā)展、演變的過程以及不同時期中國與外部的供求互動關(guān)系,力求揭示近代中國鴉片泛濫的原因并從宏觀上描述鴉片泛濫的過程。鑒于學(xué)界對印度鴉片生產(chǎn)問題關(guān)注不夠,本文還著重考察了印度的鴉片生產(chǎn)過程、生產(chǎn)體制、鴉片種植農(nóng)的生活處境以及印度自身的鴉片消費(fèi)等問題。在此基礎(chǔ)上,本文對中印兩國的鴉片問題做了比較研究。
[Abstract]:Since 10th century, Indian opium began to be transported abroad by Arabs. The great discovery of geography around 1500 marked the beginning of the modern world history and also the prelude to the colonial expansion of the western powers. Portugal was the first to arrive in Asia. People use the old trade network, With the gradual establishment of the great Portuguese merchant sail trade, the opium trade in Asia became active in the 17th century, and the Dutch set sail eastward. For more than 100 years thereafter, the Dutch colonists used the "opium smoke" to spread the favorable conditions in Southeast Asia. A strong link between Indian opium production and opium consumption in Southeast Asia. In the mid-18th century, the British occupied Bangladesh, an important producer of opium, and monopolized the local opium industry. The conditions for large-scale organization of opium production were prepared. Soon, the simple method of taking opium was invented in China, and in a very short time China replaced Southeast Asia as the largest foreign market for Indian opium. The "triangular trade" pattern of opium production in India and opium consumption in China and Southeast Asia was formally formed in the first half of the 19th century. The British East India Company, which controls Bangladeshi opium, competes fiercely with the native Indian company that controls opium in Mawa, marked by Britain's annexation of Sindh in 1843. Britain strangled the throat of Mawa opium exports. After the Opium War in 1842, Chinese opium began to rise, and began to compete with Indian opium in the Chinese market. The share of Indian opium in the Chinese market gradually decreased. Forced to move to Southeast Asian markets, but after 1880s, Southeast Asian markets were fully saturated. At the same time, falling opium prices made it unprofitable for the British and Indian governments to maintain monopoly profits. The desperate British and Indian governments finally abandoned the opium policy and the "triangular trade" pattern came to an end. The spread of opium in modern China is closely related to the evolution of the Asian opium trade pattern. This paper examines the formation of the "triangular trade" pattern of opium. The process of development, evolution and the interaction between supply and demand between China and the outside in different periods, in order to reveal the causes of opium proliferation in modern China and to describe the process of opium overflowing macroscopically, in view of the insufficient attention paid by scholars to the problem of opium production in India, This paper also focuses on the opium production process, production system, living conditions of opium farmers and opium consumption in India. On this basis, this paper makes a comparative study of opium problems between China and India.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K252

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