本文關(guān)鍵詞： 《晨鐘報》 民初社會 審視 批判 監(jiān)督　出處：《上海大學》2011年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：《晨鐘報》,1916年8月創(chuàng)刊于北京,先后為進步黨、憲法研究會機關(guān)報,以“商榷時政得失,宣究民群疾苦”為立言標旨,以批判的眼光、反抗權(quán)勢的勇氣和普遍關(guān)懷的情結(jié),審視和關(guān)注國計民生,試圖自覺扮演政局穩(wěn)定建言人、經(jīng)濟問題監(jiān)督者、國家利益維護者、民生疾苦查究者的角色。對于《晨鐘報》的研究,學術(shù)界鮮有涉及。 從穩(wěn)定政局出發(fā),《晨鐘報》對政治家形象、政治之正軌進行了有益的探討,指出政治家應以道德為體,才智為用,以為民謀福利為己任;欲達政治之正軌,應以穩(wěn)定為基礎(chǔ),調(diào)和為手段,平息黨爭,固本治標為當前之要務�！肮瘫局�,則制定憲法是;治標之案,則整理財政是�！敝茟椷^程中出現(xiàn)的議員能否兼任國務員之爭,具有鮮明的時代特色,成為關(guān)注的重點;《晨鐘報》高調(diào)報道涉及財政總長陳錦濤在內(nèi)的財政部賄賂案,在其中扮演了案情揭發(fā)者、推動者直至促使立案審查的角色,鞭撻政府官員涉嫌賄賂之丑聞,高揚正義之利劍。 竭蹶不振的財政困境,開源節(jié)流乏術(shù)的現(xiàn)狀,使北京政府不得不以經(jīng)常性的對外借款勉強維系�！冻跨妶蟆窂娬{(diào)涉外借款乃飲鴆止渴之舉,然基于中國的現(xiàn)狀,又認為此乃不得以而為之,默認了借款事實的存在;并對政府的借款行為提出三點原則性建議:防止日本包辦借款,以維護國家利權(quán)為前提,嚴格限制地方借債行為。對于關(guān)涉財政金融命脈的幣制改革問題,在報道日人的中國幣制觀時,重點推出了張仲瑯的《中國幣制改革論》,抨擊現(xiàn)有混亂幣制,贊同在中國實行金本位。 《晨鐘報》是典型的國家利益至上論鼓吹者,倡言息內(nèi)訌,御外侮,同心協(xié)力,捍衛(wèi)主權(quán),呼吁國民外交。在鄭家屯交涉中,追蹤報道中日雙方為爭取各自利益最大化展開的博弈,亦將民眾維護國權(quán)的輿情及時刊登報端,通過輿論導向的力量,試圖在政府處理外交事務中扮演監(jiān)督與建言角色。主張參加一戰(zhàn)是《晨鐘報》的基本立場,以德美斷交為轉(zhuǎn)折點,從斷交前后的遲疑審慎到統(tǒng)一步調(diào)、力主參戰(zhàn),報方旗幟鮮明地表達了借參戰(zhàn)之契機改變中國孤立的外交地位,走上自主外交道路的愿望。 關(guān)注民生是《晨鐘報》的辦刊宗旨之一。大到1917年夏秋之交爆發(fā)的天津大水災,在對官方、民間、災區(qū)自身展開的耗時長久、工程浩大的災后賑濟如實報道的同時,也披露了賑濟過程中存在的諸多問題;小到常年生活在北京城鄉(xiāng)、收入微薄、生活貧困的下層民眾,亦給予較多的同情和關(guān)注。 《晨鐘報》還編排了頗能體現(xiàn)刊物主題的特色專欄——“警語”和“大鳴小鳴”�！熬Z”,以短小精悍、頗富寓意的文字訴求方式,以儒家的禮義廉恥為處世的基本準則,以西學作為救國之良策,青年作為挽救國家危亡的主力軍,倡導通過思想層面上的道德重建、制度層面上向西方尋求良藥雙軌并行的方式挽救民族危亡�！按篪Q小鳴”,以格言體的方式、短小精悍的篇幅、工整對仗的格式、幽默辛辣的語句,有針對性地發(fā)表對時人時局的牢騷話、個人點評,尤其集中于對政局、政治家、政治事件等的關(guān)注,體現(xiàn)了鮮明的政治關(guān)懷情結(jié)、是非好惡觀和濟世關(guān)懷意識。 作為進步黨中湯化龍派及研究系的機關(guān)報,《晨鐘報》較為忠實地執(zhí)行了進步黨、研究系的政治理念,對執(zhí)掌政權(quán)的段祺瑞政府一度保持合作姿態(tài)�！冻跨妶蟆芬彩沁M步黨、研究系知識學人民主理念的宣傳主陣地,主張漸進的共和,即贊成共和,反對帝制和君主立憲;倡導中心人物領(lǐng)導下實踐共和,主張在中國實施賢人政治;以調(diào)和新舊勢力之間的矛盾沖突為突破口,通過溫和非暴力的漸進方式逐步向民主社會過渡。他們抨擊對手,宣揚政見,對政府的諸多政治行為發(fā)表評論,進行商榷;他們渴望政局穩(wěn)定,上下齊心,共建共和,但這些商榷、呼吁和監(jiān)督,都只是在一個缺乏足夠權(quán)威的政府有限度的、暫時容忍的范圍之內(nèi)進行,一旦觸及到專制的武人政權(quán)的核心利益時,也就意味著這一局面的終結(jié)。只能說,《晨鐘報》扮演了一個弱勢監(jiān)督者的角色。
[Abstract]:"The morning bell", first published in Beijing in August 1916, has for the Progressive Party, the organ of constitutional research, with discussion on "political gains and losses, the group of people suffering Xuan" Liyan standard purpose, with a critical eye, against authority courage and concern for the complex, pay attention to political stability consciously play beneficial to the people's livelihood, suggestions man, economy supervisor, safeguarding national interests, the plight of the people into the role. "The morning bell" for research, academic circles seldom involved.
From the perspective of political stability, "the morning bell > of politicians image, the political right was discussed, pointed out that politicians should be a moral intelligence for the body, for the welfare of the people, think for oneself; to track up politics, should be based on stability, and as a means to quell the dispute, temporary for the current task." in this case is fixed, the constitution is temporary; case, is arranging the finance. "Constitutional process can serve as members of the state of the dispute, with distinct characteristics of the times, has become the focus of attention;" the morning bell and financial reporting > high-profile chief Chen Jintao, Finance Department of bribery, in which case played a whistleblower, until the filing review prompted the facilitator role, government officials suspected of bribery scandal whips, advocating justice sword.
Financial difficulties Jiejue sluggish, and lack of status, the government of Beijing to foreign borrowing regularly to maintain. The morning bell stressed that foreign borrowing is to create > based on the status of Chinese, however, that this is not to be the default, borrowing the facts; and puts forward three principles suggestions on borrowing behavior of the government: to prevent Japan arranged borrowing, in order to maintain the national rights as the premise, strict restrictions on local borrowing behavior. For monetary reform problems concerning the financial lifeline, reported on the Chinese currency in view, focusing on the introduction of the reform of Zhang Zhonglang's theory Chinese < >, attacking the existing chaos system with a gold standard in Chinese.
"The morning bell > is typical of the supremacy of national interest theory advocates, advocate interest infighting, resist foreign aggression and work together to defend the sovereignty, called for national diplomacy. In Zhengjiatun negotiations, the two sides for the follow-up game for their own interests to maximize the maintenance of public right of public opinion will promptly publish newspapers, by public opinion guiding force, trying to play the supervision and suggestions in dealing with foreign affairs. The role of government advocates to participate in a war is the basic position of the newspaper" bell ", with German diplomatic relations as a turning point, from the diplomatic relations before and after prudent to delay the pace of reunification, the main force of the war, party newspaper unequivocally expressed by the war of an opportunity to change Chinese diplomacy the status of isolated, go on the road of independent diplomacy desire.
The purpose of people's livelihood is "the morning bell > the big to the summer of 1917 the outbreak of floods in Tianjin, the official and folk, the disaster itself time-consuming, huge disaster relief report at the same time, also revealed many problems in the process of relief; to the year living in Beijing urban and rural, low income, lower people living in poverty, but also give more sympathy and attention.
< > is also arranged a morning bell to reflect the characteristic of the theme -- "publication column warning" and "Ming Xiaoming." "warning", in short, quite rich text demands of meaning, the Confucian moral standards as the basic criterion of life, to save the nation as the Western way, youth as the main force to save the country from, advocates the reconstruction of moral ideological level, the system level to the West for medicine parallel way to save the nation from peril. "Ming Xiao Ming", with the motto body, short length, lattice type neat antithesis, humor spicy statement, targeted for the complaint: then, personal comments, especially focused on politics, politicians, political events and other concerns, reflecting the complex political concern is distinct, non view and caring consciousness. Their likes and dislikes
As a progressive party in shanghualong and research agencies reported that "the morning bell > more faithfully carried out the research progress party, political philosophy, cooperative attitude. Bell was maintained daily is also the Progressive Party came to power in the Duan Qirui administration, Department of propaganda of knowledge by the people's main position read, advocated gradual the Republic is in favour of the Republic, against the monarchy and constitutional monarchy; advocate the centre under the leadership of the practice of politics in China, advocated the implementation of sage; to reconcile the conflict between the old and new forces as a breakthrough, through gradual moderate non violent transition to a democratic society gradually. They attacked the opponent, to promote political, comment and discussion the political behavior of the government; their desire for political stability, work with concerted efforts, build a republic, but the discussion, appeal and supervision, are just a lack of authoritative government Limited Are within tolerance, temporarily, once touched to the core interests of authoritarian military regime, which means the end of this situation. Only the morning bell said, "> plays a weak role of the supervisor.

【學位授予單位】：上海大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2011
【分類號】：K258

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