本文關(guān)鍵詞： 晚清時期 美國 公使 比較研究　出處：《河北師范大學(xué)》2010年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】： 十九世紀(jì)末二十世紀(jì)初,世界上許多西方國家早已進(jìn)入資本主義時代。而中國正處于社會動蕩,國內(nèi)外矛盾和斗爭復(fù)雜尖銳的歷史時期。中國在鴉片戰(zhàn)爭失敗之后,西方資本主義列強相繼來到中國,為實現(xiàn)自己的經(jīng)濟(jì)侵略要求簽訂一系列的不平等條約,中國與各國的官方交往主要就是通過公使來完成的。本文選取晚清駐華公使與美國駐華公使來進(jìn)行比較研究,希望通過分析比較對研究現(xiàn)在的中美關(guān)系和兩國之間的交往有所啟發(fā),通過對晚清時期的駐美公使的研究,總結(jié)一下他們與美國交往所總結(jié)的一些經(jīng)驗和教訓(xùn),希望能夠?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的外交官的一些外交活動也能夠提供一些借鑒作用。 本文擬以晚清駐美公使的筆記、奏折和官方記錄以及翻譯的中美往來照會為基礎(chǔ),結(jié)合前人研究的成果來進(jìn)行比較研究,本文大致分從中美兩國政府在派遣公使時所處的背景、中美兩國公使在所駐國的主要任務(wù)和中美兩國公使所受文化熏陶三方面去比較。 本文共分為四部分: 第一部分:中美兩國公使派出駐外公使時外交背景的不同。美國政府為了能夠使公使進(jìn)駐中國北京進(jìn)行了積極的交涉,而晚清政府為了阻止外國公使進(jìn)京設(shè)置了種種的職務(wù),但隨著交往的不斷增多和在美華工受到的悲慘遭遇使得晚清政府也逐漸的邁出了派遣使臣駐外的重要一步。 第二部分:中美兩國公使在所駐國任務(wù)的不同。美國駐華公使在中國,秉承美國政府的對華政策,爭取有利于美國的最大利益,其中主要的就是爭取商業(yè)利益。而晚清駐美公使在美國主要任務(wù)就是保護(hù)華人、華僑,為華工爭取權(quán)益。 第三部分:中美兩國公使所受文化熏陶的不同。美國是資本主義國家,其文化也具有資本主義的性質(zhì),追求自由、具有功利的色彩,個人主義濃厚,其公使也不可避免受其影響,表現(xiàn)在外交上就是插手弱小國家的事務(wù)。中國一直受儒家思想的影響,封建等級觀念濃厚,重義輕利,這些思想對使臣的影響巨大,因此對使臣有一定的阻礙作用。 第四部分:對晚清駐美公使的評價。晚清是在無例可循的情況下派出的使臣,由于受儒家思想的熏陶,對外來事物接觸不多,因此在處理交涉事件時容易妥協(xié)。但隨著處理外交事件不斷增多,通過自身實踐,他們逐步學(xué)會了運用國際法和外交手段來處理涉外事務(wù),尤其是在保護(hù)在美華工方面做出了較大的貢獻(xiàn)。
[Abstract]:At the end of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, many western countries in the world had already entered the capitalist era. However, China is in a historical period of social unrest, complicated contradictions and struggles at home and abroad. After the defeat of the Opium War, Western capitalist powers came to China one after another to sign a series of unequal treaties in order to realize their own economic aggression. The official communication between China and other countries is mainly accomplished by the Minister of Public Affairs. In this paper, the late Qing Dynasty Minister to China and the American Minister to China are selected to carry out a comparative study. I hope that through the analysis and comparison of the current Sino-US relations and the exchanges between the two countries, and through the study of the late Qing Dynasty ambassadors in the United States, I hope to sum up some experiences and lessons from their contacts with the United States. It is hoped that some of the diplomatic activities of current diplomats can also be used for reference. Based on the notes, notes and official notes of the late Qing Dynasty minister in the United States, as well as the translated notes between China and the United States, this paper makes a comparative study on the results of previous studies. This paper is divided into three aspects: the background of the Chinese and American governments when they send ministers, the main tasks of the Chinese and American ambassadors in their countries and the cultural edification of the Chinese and American ambassadors. This paper is divided into four parts:. The first part: the differences between the diplomatic backgrounds of the Chinese and American ambassadors when they were dispatched to foreign countries. The United States government made positive representations to enable the ministers to be stationed in Beijing, while the late Qing government set up various posts to prevent foreign ministers from coming to Beijing. However, with the increasing exchanges and tragic experiences of Chinese workers in the United States, the late Qing government gradually took the important step of sending envoys abroad. The second part: the difference between the missions of Chinese and American ambassadors in the countries in which they are stationed. In China, the US Minister to China adheres to the US government's China policy and strives for the best interests of the United States. The main task of the late Qing Dynasty minister in the United States was to protect Chinese, overseas Chinese and fight for the rights and interests of Chinese workers. The third part: the cultural influence of Chinese and American ministers is different. The United States is a capitalist country, its culture also has the nature of capitalism, the pursuit of freedom, with a utilitarian color, strong individualism, Its ministers are also inevitably influenced by it, which is manifested in its diplomatic interference in the affairs of small and weak countries. China has always been influenced by Confucianism, with a strong sense of feudal hierarchy and a strong emphasis on justice and interests. These ideas have a great influence on envoys. Therefore, there are certain obstructions to the envoys. Part 4th: evaluation of the late Qing Dynasty Minister to the United States. The late Qing Dynasty was an envoy sent out without any rules to follow. Due to the influence of Confucianism, the late Qing Dynasty had little contact with foreign things. Therefore, it is easy to compromise in dealing with the matter of negotiation. But with the increasing number of diplomatic matters, through their own practice, they have gradually learned to use international law and diplomatic means to deal with foreign affairs. Especially in the protection of Chinese workers in the United States made a greater contribution.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：K252

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 馬一;晚清駐外公使群體研究（1875-1911）[D];暨南大學(xué);2012年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 桂朝東;使館建筑設(shè)計研究[D];北京建筑大學(xué);2013年

，

本文編號：1497965