本文關(guān)鍵詞： 道光時(shí)期 兩江總督 兩江地區(qū) 地方治理　出處：《云南師范大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：清朝兩江地區(qū)主要指江蘇、安徽和江西三省,是“《禹貢》揚(yáng)及徐、豫三州之域。”其地勢(shì)形勢(shì)險(xiǎn)要,幅員遼闊,且人口眾多,財(cái)富“甲天下”,是清廷重要的戰(zhàn)略及財(cái)賦要地。因此清政府極為重視,在順治時(shí)期就在此地設(shè)置總督統(tǒng)轄三省“文武軍民”,后經(jīng)不斷調(diào)整和完善終成定制。兩江總督的職權(quán)也隨著時(shí)代的變遷而不斷地?cái)U(kuò)大,除了總督一般性的職權(quán)外還享有保境安民、兼管漕務(wù)、河務(wù)、鹽政,兼任南洋通商大臣等重大職權(quán)。道光時(shí)期,由于統(tǒng)治階級(jí)腐朽日久,吏治、漕務(wù)、河工、鹽政等積久弊政十分突出,且因處于災(zāi)荒群發(fā)期,水災(zāi)、旱災(zāi)、雹災(zāi)等天災(zāi)禍患交替發(fā)生,其間三十年,從未間斷,農(nóng)民備受腐朽政府的重重壓迫和天災(zāi)禍患接連打擊,最終不堪忍受,紛紛揭竿而起,道光末年更是爆發(fā)了更大規(guī)模的的起義風(fēng)暴——太平天國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng);在外部則有西方資本主義勢(shì)力的覬覦,更是直接受到其武裝侵略——鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。自此,中國(guó)社會(huì)逐漸開(kāi)始淪為半殖民地半封建的社會(huì),中國(guó)人民備受本國(guó)封建主義和外國(guó)殖民主義的雙重壓迫。在內(nèi)憂外患、亂象頻仍的轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)期,兩江地區(qū)的狀況也很是糟糕,因?yàn)樵摰貐^(qū)是清朝的重要財(cái)賦之區(qū),承擔(dān)著全國(guó)半數(shù)以上的漕糧、鹽課,又因其地包絡(luò)江淮、控引河海,境內(nèi)又密布江河湖汊的地理形勢(shì),兩江地區(qū)又是國(guó)家河工治理的重點(diǎn),漕務(wù)、鹽政、河工三大政弊端十分突出;而由三大政弊端和吏治腐敗引起的社會(huì)變亂和災(zāi)害也層層疊出。面對(duì)兩江地區(qū)如此糟糕的情勢(shì),作為被道光皇帝所倚重,享有重大職權(quán)、統(tǒng)率地方的封疆大吏——兩江總督,大多也都能實(shí)心任事,在吏治日益敗壞的時(shí)局中,在其或長(zhǎng)或短的總督任職期限內(nèi),實(shí)心實(shí)力的主持地方政務(wù),推行中央的各項(xiàng)政策法令,力所能及的整頓或改革時(shí)局積弊,在綏靖地方、賑災(zāi)救民、發(fā)展文化教育、抗擊殖民主義侵略以及整頓吏治、漕務(wù)、河務(wù)、鹽政等積久弊政等方面,努力來(lái)維護(hù)統(tǒng)治者的長(zhǎng)久統(tǒng)治和社會(huì)安定。
[Abstract]:The two rivers of Qing Dynasty mainly refer to three provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi. They are "Yugong" and "Xu" and "three states of Henan." its terrain situation is dangerous, vast territory, and large population, wealth "the world first." Therefore, the Qing government attached great importance to the establishment of the Governor in the Shunzhi period of the three provinces under the jurisdiction of the "civil and military people." The powers and powers of the Governor of the two Rivers also expanded with the changes of the times. Besides the general functions and powers of the Governor, he also enjoyed the protection of the territory and the people, as well as the management of the canal, river affairs, and salt administration. Daoguang period, due to the long decadent ruling class, official administration, Caowu, river work, salt administration and other long-standing malpractices are very prominent, and is in the famine period, floods, drought. Hail and other natural disasters occurred alternately, during which 30 years, the farmers suffered from the heavy oppression of decadent government and the scourge of natural disasters hit one after another, finally unbearable, one after another rose up. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, a larger uprising storm, broke out at the end of Daoguang. Outside, the Western capitalist forces coveted, and were directly invaded by its armed aggression-the Opium War. Since then, the Chinese society has gradually become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The Chinese people were oppressed by both feudalism and foreign colonialism. In the turning point of internal and external troubles and frequent chaos, the situation of the two rivers was also very bad, because it was an important region of the Qing Dynasty. Undertake more than half of the national grain, salt class, and because of its coverage of Jianghuai, control of rivers and seas, the territory of the river and lake branches of the geographical situation, the Liangjiang region is the focus of national river engineering management, Caohe, salt administration. The disadvantages of the three major policies of river engineering are very prominent; And the social disorder and disaster caused by the three political malpractices and the corruption of the officials are also stacked up. Facing such a bad situation in the Liangjiang area, the emperor of Daoguang is relying on it and enjoys great powers and powers. At the same time, most of the governors of the two Rivers could serve in good faith. In the times of increasingly corrupt officials, they presided over the local government affairs with solid strength during their long or short term of office as governor. Carry out various policies and decrees of the central government, rectify or reform the situation as long as possible, in appeasement areas, relieve the disaster, save the people, develop culture and education, resist colonial aggression and rectify the administration of officials, administration, and river affairs. Salt politics and other long-term malpractices, efforts to maintain the ruler's long-term rule and social stability.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：云南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：K252

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