秦漢豪強(qiáng)地主犯罪問(wèn)題研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-06-04 03:33
【摘要】： 秦漢時(shí)期,豪強(qiáng)地主犯罪是嚴(yán)重社會(huì)問(wèn)題。筆者擬從社會(huì)史的角度,在前輩學(xué)者研究的基礎(chǔ)上,引入犯罪社會(huì)學(xué)的相關(guān)方法,聯(lián)系春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)社會(huì)變革后的歷史背景,較為全面、系統(tǒng)地研究秦漢豪強(qiáng)地主犯罪問(wèn)題。 秦漢社會(huì)承春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)之際社會(huì)大變革之后,社會(huì)階級(jí)關(guān)系、上層建筑等方面都發(fā)生了深刻變化。在這種歷史背景下,豪強(qiáng)地主階層從地主階級(jí)內(nèi)部成長(zhǎng)起來(lái),其犯罪活動(dòng)成為嚴(yán)重的社會(huì)問(wèn)題。依據(jù)侵害客體的不同,秦漢時(shí)期豪強(qiáng)地主的犯罪活動(dòng)大致可以歸納為以下三類:破壞經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序的犯罪、擾亂社會(huì)治安的犯罪和危害國(guó)家統(tǒng)治的犯罪。我們于每一種類下,將同類或性質(zhì)接近的罪例歸為一宗,擇以罪名。破壞經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序的犯罪:兼并土地,田宅逾制、私匿人戶、隱匿財(cái)產(chǎn),逃避租稅、豪杰役使;擾亂社會(huì)治安的犯罪:擾亂地方吏治、放縱族眾賓客為奸、復(fù)仇;危害國(guó)家統(tǒng)治的犯罪:謀反、首匿、篡囚、組織私兵等。在此基礎(chǔ)上,考察、分析豪強(qiáng)地主各項(xiàng)犯罪活動(dòng)的組織形式、犯罪手段和具體內(nèi)容等。 對(duì)于豪強(qiáng)地主犯罪問(wèn)題的防治,漢初政府采取寬松、放任的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)政策,到漢武帝時(shí)代,豪強(qiáng)地主犯罪成為嚴(yán)重的社會(huì)問(wèn)題。漢武帝一改往昔的無(wú)為政策,從政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)兩方面,對(duì)豪強(qiáng)地主的違法活動(dòng)進(jìn)行打擊和抑制。漢武帝的打擊和抑制,雖然暫時(shí)壓制住了豪強(qiáng)地主犯罪發(fā)展的勢(shì)頭,但不能根本解決問(wèn)題。西漢中后期,封建政府又采取了儒學(xué)教化和選舉入仕的措施。在政府軟硬兩手政策下,一些豪強(qiáng)地主也不得不改弦更張,轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)?jīng)學(xué)的追求,并經(jīng)過(guò)通經(jīng)入仕的途徑踏上仕途,轉(zhuǎn)變成為官僚士大夫階層。東漢政權(quán)是在豪強(qiáng)大族的支持下建立的,他們成了其統(tǒng)治基礎(chǔ)。東漢政府在經(jīng)濟(jì)上,放任豪強(qiáng)地主大土地所有制和人身依附關(guān)系的發(fā)展,綜合經(jīng)營(yíng)的田莊經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展起來(lái);在文化上,尊崇儒學(xué),豪強(qiáng)地主儒學(xué)化不斷加深,形成累世經(jīng)學(xué);在政治上,保障豪強(qiáng)地主做官的權(quán)利,豪強(qiáng)地主操縱了選舉。在這種情況下,豪強(qiáng)地主經(jīng)濟(jì)勢(shì)力日益鞏固,又得為經(jīng)學(xué)世家,并控制了仕途,而使自己政治地位上升,遂成為世家豪族。 豪強(qiáng)地主的犯罪活動(dòng)對(duì)秦漢時(shí)期的經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治和社會(huì)階級(jí)關(guān)系諸方面,都產(chǎn)生了影響。在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面,侵蝕自耕農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì),干犯國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策,影響商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。在政治方面,干預(yù)地方政權(quán)施政,破壞封建政治和法律制度,擾亂地方治安,甚至威脅中央集權(quán)統(tǒng)治。在社會(huì)階級(jí)關(guān)系方面,導(dǎo)致自耕農(nóng)破產(chǎn),使部分農(nóng)民對(duì)豪強(qiáng)地主的依附關(guān)系加強(qiáng)。通過(guò)研究,筆者認(rèn)為秦漢時(shí)期,豪強(qiáng)地主的犯罪活動(dòng)總體上具有以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn):一、出現(xiàn)了一些新的犯罪種類;二、對(duì)社會(huì)的危害性比較嚴(yán)重;三、犯罪活動(dòng)受國(guó)家政策影響;四、一些犯罪活動(dòng)逐漸合法化。
[Abstract]:During the Qin and Han dynasties, the crime of powerful landlords was a serious social problem. From the perspective of social history, on the basis of the study of the previous scholars, the author introduces the relevant methods of sociology of crime, connecting with the historical background after the social change in the Spring and Autumn period and the warring States period, and systematically studies the crime of the landlord in Qin and Han dynasties. After the great social changes in the Spring and Autumn period and the warring States period, profound changes have taken place in the social class relationship and superstructure in Qin and Han dynasties. Under this historical background, the powerful landlord class grew up from within the landlord class, and its criminal activity became a serious social problem. According to the difference of infringing object, the criminal activities of powerful landlords in Qin and Han dynasties can be divided into the following three categories: crimes that destroy economic order, crimes that disturb public security and crimes that endanger the rule of the state. In each category, we classify crimes of the same kind or similar nature as one and choose the crime. Crimes that undermine the economic order: annexation of land, overflight of fields and houses, concealment of people and households, concealment of property, evasion of tax, heroic service, crime of disturbing public order: disturbing the administration of local officials, allowing all the guests of the ethnic group to be raped and avenged; Crimes against the rule of the state: rebellion, concealment, usurpation of prisoners, organization of private soldiers, etc. On this basis, the organization form, criminal means and specific contents of various criminal activities of powerful landlords are investigated and analyzed. In the early Han Dynasty, the government adopted loose and laissez-faire political and economic policies to prevent and control the crime of powerful landlords. By the time of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the crime of powerful landlords had become a serious social problem. As soon as Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty changed his past policy of inaction, he cracked down and suppressed the illegal activities of powerful landlords from both political and economic aspects. Although the attack and suppression of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty temporarily suppressed the momentum of the development of the crime of powerful landlords, it could not fundamentally solve the problem. In the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, the feudal government adopted the measures of Confucian education and election to official affairs. Under the policy of soft and hard hands of the government, some powerful landlords have to change course, turn to the pursuit of Confucian classics, and enter the official career through the way of entering the official position, and turn into the class of bureaucracy and literati. The Eastern Han regime was established with the support of the powerful clan, who became the basis of its rule. In the economy of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the government of the Eastern Han Dynasty allowed the development of the relationship between land ownership and personal dependence of the rich and strong landlords, and the comprehensive management of the Grange economy developed. Politically, the right of powerful landlords to be officials is guaranteed, and powerful landlords manipulate the election. In this case, the economic power of powerful landlords is becoming more and more consolidated, and they have to study for the family, and control the career, and make their political status rise, so they become a family. The criminal activities of powerful landlords had an impact on the economic, political and social class relations in Qin and Han dynasties. In the aspect of economy, it erodes the economy of farmers, violates the economic policy of the country, and affects the development of commodity economy. On the political side, it interferes with the administration of local power, destroys the feudal political and legal system, disrupts the local public order, and even threatens the centralized rule. In the aspect of social class relationship, it leads to the bankruptcy of farmers and strengthens the dependence of some farmers on powerful landowners. Through the study, the author believes that in the Qin and Han dynasties, the criminal activities of powerful landlords generally have the following characteristics: first, there are some new types of crime; second, the harm to the society is more serious; third, the criminal activities are affected by the national policy; Fourth, some criminal activities are gradually legalized.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：首都師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：K232
本文編號(hào)：2492443
[Abstract]:During the Qin and Han dynasties, the crime of powerful landlords was a serious social problem. From the perspective of social history, on the basis of the study of the previous scholars, the author introduces the relevant methods of sociology of crime, connecting with the historical background after the social change in the Spring and Autumn period and the warring States period, and systematically studies the crime of the landlord in Qin and Han dynasties. After the great social changes in the Spring and Autumn period and the warring States period, profound changes have taken place in the social class relationship and superstructure in Qin and Han dynasties. Under this historical background, the powerful landlord class grew up from within the landlord class, and its criminal activity became a serious social problem. According to the difference of infringing object, the criminal activities of powerful landlords in Qin and Han dynasties can be divided into the following three categories: crimes that destroy economic order, crimes that disturb public security and crimes that endanger the rule of the state. In each category, we classify crimes of the same kind or similar nature as one and choose the crime. Crimes that undermine the economic order: annexation of land, overflight of fields and houses, concealment of people and households, concealment of property, evasion of tax, heroic service, crime of disturbing public order: disturbing the administration of local officials, allowing all the guests of the ethnic group to be raped and avenged; Crimes against the rule of the state: rebellion, concealment, usurpation of prisoners, organization of private soldiers, etc. On this basis, the organization form, criminal means and specific contents of various criminal activities of powerful landlords are investigated and analyzed. In the early Han Dynasty, the government adopted loose and laissez-faire political and economic policies to prevent and control the crime of powerful landlords. By the time of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the crime of powerful landlords had become a serious social problem. As soon as Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty changed his past policy of inaction, he cracked down and suppressed the illegal activities of powerful landlords from both political and economic aspects. Although the attack and suppression of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty temporarily suppressed the momentum of the development of the crime of powerful landlords, it could not fundamentally solve the problem. In the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, the feudal government adopted the measures of Confucian education and election to official affairs. Under the policy of soft and hard hands of the government, some powerful landlords have to change course, turn to the pursuit of Confucian classics, and enter the official career through the way of entering the official position, and turn into the class of bureaucracy and literati. The Eastern Han regime was established with the support of the powerful clan, who became the basis of its rule. In the economy of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the government of the Eastern Han Dynasty allowed the development of the relationship between land ownership and personal dependence of the rich and strong landlords, and the comprehensive management of the Grange economy developed. Politically, the right of powerful landlords to be officials is guaranteed, and powerful landlords manipulate the election. In this case, the economic power of powerful landlords is becoming more and more consolidated, and they have to study for the family, and control the career, and make their political status rise, so they become a family. The criminal activities of powerful landlords had an impact on the economic, political and social class relations in Qin and Han dynasties. In the aspect of economy, it erodes the economy of farmers, violates the economic policy of the country, and affects the development of commodity economy. On the political side, it interferes with the administration of local power, destroys the feudal political and legal system, disrupts the local public order, and even threatens the centralized rule. In the aspect of social class relationship, it leads to the bankruptcy of farmers and strengthens the dependence of some farmers on powerful landowners. Through the study, the author believes that in the Qin and Han dynasties, the criminal activities of powerful landlords generally have the following characteristics: first, there are some new types of crime; second, the harm to the society is more serious; third, the criminal activities are affected by the national policy; Fourth, some criminal activities are gradually legalized.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：首都師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：K232
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