宋代城市人口管理探析
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-12-17 10:04
【摘要】：宋代城市經(jīng)濟(jì)獲得了長(zhǎng)足的發(fā)展,城市人口增多,城市人口流動(dòng)性大,人口成分復(fù)雜,城市人口呈現(xiàn)出自身的特征。為此,宋朝政府針對(duì)城市中不同類型的人口,制定不同的政策,加強(qiáng)對(duì)城市人口的管理。 文章分為五個(gè)部分。第一部分分析有宋一代城市人口的規(guī)模。宋代城市經(jīng)濟(jì)有了長(zhǎng)足的發(fā)展,城市人口數(shù)量大為增加,特別是大量農(nóng)村人口轉(zhuǎn)入城市。重點(diǎn)分析廣大農(nóng)村人口轉(zhuǎn)入城市的原因,以及對(duì)宋代主要城市的人口數(shù)量進(jìn)行探析。宋代城市人口數(shù)量增多,城鄉(xiāng)人口的比例和前代相比顯著不同,城市人口規(guī)模較大。 第二部分,分析宋政府對(duì)戶口登記和戶籍實(shí)施管理。宋代城市人口和鄉(xiāng)村人口在戶口登記過程中分別列入不同的版籍。城市常住人口列為“坊郭戶”,城鄉(xiāng)人口在戶籍上第一次區(qū)別劃分。坊郭戶和鄉(xiāng)村戶一樣包括主戶與客戶,客戶是附著在主戶后面的,不劃分戶等,通常不承擔(dān)賦稅。坊郭主戶按財(cái)產(chǎn)的多少分為十等,按等承擔(dān)封建國(guó)家的賦稅。坊郭主客戶承擔(dān)封建義務(wù)的不同,以及根據(jù)戶等不同而負(fù)擔(dān)不同,所以封建國(guó)家在戶口登記過程中加強(qiáng)管理。政府行使監(jiān)督職能,防止官吏濫用權(quán)利而造成登記的失實(shí),以致給民眾帶來(lái)超負(fù)荷的負(fù)擔(dān),帶來(lái)災(zāi)難。為此,宋代封建政府實(shí)施了一套有效的人口登記制度。另外,宋政府實(shí)行保甲制,將戶籍與社會(huì)治安聯(lián)系起來(lái),加強(qiáng)封建人口管理。這是對(duì)人口實(shí)施社區(qū)管理的一種方式。 第三部分,分析宋朝政府對(duì)城市流動(dòng)人口的管理政策。宋代城市流動(dòng)人口數(shù)量大增,宋朝政府針對(duì)城市流動(dòng)人口的不同類型制定了不同的政策。對(duì)于因?yàn)?zāi)荒而造成的大量災(zāi)民,政府在滯留期間除了提供食物外,還采用行政手段為災(zāi)民提供住處,讓災(zāi)民在城市中有棲身之地。災(zāi)情過后,政府主要采取疏導(dǎo)政策,吸引民眾歸鄉(xiāng),返回原籍,以減少城市的壓力:對(duì)于不愿意歸鄉(xiāng)的部分流民,政府設(shè)立臨時(shí)戶籍檔案,以便加強(qiáng)管理和實(shí)施救濟(jì)活動(dòng);對(duì)于長(zhǎng)期滯留在城市中的工商業(yè)中的雇工或其他工商業(yè)者,政府也采取相應(yīng)的政策。雇工是在城市中從事生產(chǎn)和服務(wù)的較穩(wěn)定的人口,為廣大城市居民提供便利條件,所以政府采取措施限制其自由。他們不得隨意遷出城市,也不能自由地受雇于他人,不僅受到同業(yè)行會(huì)的限制,也受到官府的限制。對(duì)于入市的外地商販,宋政府建立層層密密的商稅
[Abstract]:The city economy of Song Dynasty has made great progress, the urban population has increased, the city population mobility is large, the population composition is complex, the urban population presents its own characteristics. Therefore, the Song Dynasty government made different policies to strengthen the management of the urban population according to the different types of population in the city. The article is divided into five parts. The first part analyzes the scale of urban population in Song Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, the urban economy developed rapidly, the urban population increased greatly, especially a large number of rural population transferred to the city. This paper mainly analyzes the reasons why the rural population transferred to the city, and analyzes the population of the main cities in the Song Dynasty. The number of urban population in Song Dynasty increased, the proportion of urban and rural population was significantly different from that of previous generations, and the scale of urban population was larger. The second part, analyzes the Song government to the household registration and household registration management. In Song Dynasty, urban population and rural population were included in different editions in the process of hukou registration. Urban resident population listed as "Fangguohu", urban and rural residents in the household registration of the first division. Fangguo households and rural households include the main household and customers, the customer is attached to the main household, do not divide households, usually do not bear taxes. Fangguo main household according to the number of property is divided into ten classes, according to the feudal country to bear taxes. Due to different feudal obligations and different burdens according to households, the feudal state strengthened its management in the process of household registration. The government exercises the supervisory function to prevent the officials from abusing their power and causing false registration, which brings the burden of overload and disaster to the public. Therefore, the feudal government of Song Dynasty implemented an effective population registration system. In addition, the Song government implemented the system of protection, the household registration and social security linked to strengthen feudal population management. This is a form of community management of the population. The third part, analyzes the Song Dynasty government to the urban floating population management policy. The number of urban floating population increased greatly in Song Dynasty, and the Song government made different policies for different types of urban floating population. For a large number of victims caused by famine, in addition to providing food during the stay, the government also uses administrative means to provide shelter for the victims, so that the victims can have shelter in the city. After the disaster, the government mainly adopted a policy of persuasion, attracting people to return to their homes and returning to their places of origin, in order to reduce the pressure on the cities. For some displaced people who did not wish to return to their homes, the government set up temporary household registration files in order to strengthen the management and implementation of relief activities; The government also adopts policies for employees or other industrialists who have been stranded in cities for a long time. Employment is a more stable population engaged in production and services in the city, providing convenient conditions for the vast number of urban residents, so the government took measures to restrict their freedom. They are not allowed to move out of the city or be freely employed, not only by the guild, but also by the government. For foreign traders entering the market, the Song government set up a layer by layer secret commercial tax.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2005
【分類號(hào)】：K244
本文編號(hào)：2384055
[Abstract]:The city economy of Song Dynasty has made great progress, the urban population has increased, the city population mobility is large, the population composition is complex, the urban population presents its own characteristics. Therefore, the Song Dynasty government made different policies to strengthen the management of the urban population according to the different types of population in the city. The article is divided into five parts. The first part analyzes the scale of urban population in Song Dynasty. In Song Dynasty, the urban economy developed rapidly, the urban population increased greatly, especially a large number of rural population transferred to the city. This paper mainly analyzes the reasons why the rural population transferred to the city, and analyzes the population of the main cities in the Song Dynasty. The number of urban population in Song Dynasty increased, the proportion of urban and rural population was significantly different from that of previous generations, and the scale of urban population was larger. The second part, analyzes the Song government to the household registration and household registration management. In Song Dynasty, urban population and rural population were included in different editions in the process of hukou registration. Urban resident population listed as "Fangguohu", urban and rural residents in the household registration of the first division. Fangguo households and rural households include the main household and customers, the customer is attached to the main household, do not divide households, usually do not bear taxes. Fangguo main household according to the number of property is divided into ten classes, according to the feudal country to bear taxes. Due to different feudal obligations and different burdens according to households, the feudal state strengthened its management in the process of household registration. The government exercises the supervisory function to prevent the officials from abusing their power and causing false registration, which brings the burden of overload and disaster to the public. Therefore, the feudal government of Song Dynasty implemented an effective population registration system. In addition, the Song government implemented the system of protection, the household registration and social security linked to strengthen feudal population management. This is a form of community management of the population. The third part, analyzes the Song Dynasty government to the urban floating population management policy. The number of urban floating population increased greatly in Song Dynasty, and the Song government made different policies for different types of urban floating population. For a large number of victims caused by famine, in addition to providing food during the stay, the government also uses administrative means to provide shelter for the victims, so that the victims can have shelter in the city. After the disaster, the government mainly adopted a policy of persuasion, attracting people to return to their homes and returning to their places of origin, in order to reduce the pressure on the cities. For some displaced people who did not wish to return to their homes, the government set up temporary household registration files in order to strengthen the management and implementation of relief activities; The government also adopts policies for employees or other industrialists who have been stranded in cities for a long time. Employment is a more stable population engaged in production and services in the city, providing convenient conditions for the vast number of urban residents, so the government took measures to restrict their freedom. They are not allowed to move out of the city or be freely employed, not only by the guild, but also by the government. For foreign traders entering the market, the Song government set up a layer by layer secret commercial tax.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2005
【分類號(hào)】：K244
【引證文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前3條
1 楊瑞軍;北宋東京治安制度研究[D];西北師范大學(xué);2007年
2 白宏剛;宋代林業(yè)政策研究[D];廣西師范大學(xué);2010年
3 李偉峰;宋代城市管理制度研究[D];山東大學(xué);2013年
，本文編號(hào)：2384055
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