外國(guó)白銀內(nèi)流中國(guó)問(wèn)題探討（16-19世紀(jì)中葉）
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-11-06 09:44
【摘要】： 以明清時(shí)期間外國(guó)白銀內(nèi)流中國(guó)問(wèn)題探討為題，目的是將明中葉至清中葉的外國(guó)白銀內(nèi)流問(wèn)題，放在1600年至1840年中國(guó)與當(dāng)時(shí)世界經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系的視野來(lái)進(jìn)行觀察，并從中國(guó)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的角度對(duì)流轉(zhuǎn)于中國(guó)的外銀作用作深入而全面的研究。在這一研究課題中，考察外銀怎樣流入國(guó)內(nèi)、流入國(guó)內(nèi)的白銀數(shù)量固然重要，但僅僅停留于此還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠，關(guān)鍵是要看它們對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響和在全球化中的作用。由于歷史的整體多于部分的總和，每一個(gè)部分不僅受到其他部分的影響，而且還取決于在整個(gè)世界體系中發(fā)生了什么。我們無(wú)法理解和預(yù)測(cè)出當(dāng)歐洲和美洲發(fā)生的一些事會(huì)在亞洲發(fā)生什么反應(yīng)，反之，我們也無(wú)法想象源于某一處的事件是否會(huì)影響其它的任何地區(qū)，這就是整個(gè)世界系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)態(tài)和結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。 外銀的大規(guī)模輸入主要有三個(gè)渠道，即以馬尼拉為中心的海上絲綢之路與美洲白銀的涌入；以長(zhǎng)崎為中心的中日貿(mào)易與日本白銀的入華；以澳門(mén)為中心的西洋貿(mào)易與外銀的內(nèi)流。那個(gè)歷史時(shí)期，西班牙大帆船、中國(guó)海船、日本商船穿梭往返于太平洋、大西洋、黃海和南中國(guó)海，構(gòu)成了規(guī)模宏大的絲茶白銀貿(mào)易的全球商業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。并因此有種類繁多的外國(guó)白銀流入中國(guó)。 明清兩代，中國(guó)與日本通過(guò)直接貿(mào)易和間接貿(mào)易兩種方式，從日本輸入了大量的白銀。日本的白銀主要通過(guò)三大渠道輸入的：第一條渠道，是自16世紀(jì)60年代開(kāi)始的由葡萄牙人控制的澳門(mén)與中國(guó)、日本的轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易；其次就是自1602年成立的荷蘭東印度公司與日本的貿(mào)易；第三條渠道，中國(guó)與日本的直接貿(mào)易，包括官方的朝貢貿(mào)易和明中葉以后的民間海上貿(mào)易。 面對(duì)外國(guó)白銀的大量涌入，朝野上下意見(jiàn)相左，有以王象乾、侯恂、呂維祺等為代表的抵制外銀、強(qiáng)化中央財(cái)政的主張，認(rèn)為只有通過(guò)國(guó)家的安排與調(diào)配，才能應(yīng)對(duì)因此帶來(lái)的社會(huì)問(wèn)題；有以張溥、宋應(yīng)星、顧炎武、黃宗羲、陸世儀等為代表的以外銀濟(jì)錢(qián)順應(yīng)商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的議論，他們肯定國(guó)家在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的角色與地位，同時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)民間經(jīng)濟(jì)力量的重要性，以銀的大量應(yīng)用彌補(bǔ)銅錢(qián)的不足，推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展；也有以蔣臣、馮夢(mèng)龍、陳子龍、為代表的折中貨幣策略，認(rèn)為國(guó)家與民間力量同樣重要，兩者相互為用才能解決銀貴錢(qián)賤所帶來(lái)的種種問(wèn)題。 外國(guó)白銀在國(guó)內(nèi)急需白銀形勢(shì)下的大量流入，無(wú)疑對(duì)明清時(shí)期的中國(guó)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)生積極的影響，尤其對(duì)長(zhǎng)江、珠江三角洲等商品經(jīng)濟(jì)程度高的地區(qū)更具有推動(dòng)作用，在當(dāng)時(shí)的商品流通領(lǐng)域中，可見(jiàn)到外國(guó)白銀已被廣泛使用，由于其重量易定、便于攜帶，在商貿(mào)活動(dòng)中幾有取代原有國(guó)產(chǎn)白銀的趨勢(shì)，并對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)機(jī)制幣的出現(xiàn)具有重要的作用。國(guó)內(nèi)對(duì)外銀的旺盛需求拉動(dòng)了絲茶產(chǎn)地商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的成熟、推動(dòng)了海外貿(mào)易的蓬勃發(fā)展，并因此促成實(shí)力強(qiáng)大的海商階層，可以說(shuō)，當(dāng)時(shí)中國(guó)已經(jīng)深深卷入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易圈中了，，成為全球化經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要成員之一。
[Abstract]:in that course of the Ming and the Qing dynasty, the problem of the internal flow of foreign silver in the middle of the Ming and Qing dynasty was discussed as a topic, with the purpose of observing the foreign-silver internal flow in the middle of the Ming dynasty to the middle of the Qing dynasty, and put it in the view of the world's economic contact between 1600 and 1840. And from the angle of China's social and economic structure, it is a thorough and comprehensive study on the role of the external silver that is circulated in China. In this research subject, it is not enough to study how the external silver flows into the country, and the amount of silver flowing into the country is not enough. The key is to see their impact on the domestic economy and the role in the globalization. As the whole of the history is more than the sum of the parts, each part is not only affected by other parts but also on what has occurred throughout the world system. We can't understand and predict what happens in Asia when something happens in Europe and the Americas, and on the other hand, we can't imagine whether an event from one place will affect any other region, that is, the dynamics and structure of the entire world system. The large-scale input of external silver has three channels, namely, the influx of the sea silk road in Manila as the center and the silver in the Americas; the China-Japan trade and the Japanese silver entering China as the center of Nagasaki; and the Western trade and the outside as the center of Macao The inner flow of silver. The historical period, the Spanish big sailing boat, the Chinese sea boat, the Japanese merchant ship shuttle to and from the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Yellow Sea and the South China Sea, constitute a large-scale silk tea and silver trade global a business network. And so there are a wide variety of foreign silver In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China and Japan adopted two ways of direct trade and indirect trade, from day to day This input is a large amount of silver. The silver in Japan is mainly input through three channels: the first channel is the Portuguese-controlled Macau and China and Japan in the 1960s; the second is the Dutch East Indian company and Japan, which was set up in 1602 The trade; the third channel, the direct trade between China and Japan, including the official tribute trade and the middle of the Ming Dynasty In the face of a large influx of foreign silver, a large influx of foreign silver, with a view of the wild and up-to-the-eye view, has the idea of strengthening the central finance by resisting foreign silver as a representative, such as the king, the State of the Republic of China, and Luvish. It is considered that only through the arrangement and provision of the State, it will be possible to deal with it. As a result, there are the social problems brought about by the commodity economy, such as Zhang Yi, Song Yingxing, Gu Yanwu, Huang Zongxi, Lu Shiyi, etc., and they affirmed the role and position of the state in the economic development, and stressed the importance of the civil economic power. The use of silver to make up for the deficiency of the copper money and promote the development of the economy; it also has the trade-off monetary policy of the representative, Feng Menglong, Chen Zilong and the representative, and it is considered that the state and the folk power are equally important, both of which are mutually exclusive To solve the problems caused by the base of silver and silver, foreign silver, which is in urgent need of the large inflow of silver in the country, will undoubtedly have a positive impact on the Chinese social economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in areas with high commodity economy such as the Yangtze River and the Pearl River Delta. in that field of commodity circulation at that time, it is possible to see that the foreign silver has been widely used, because the weight is easy to set, it is convenient to carry, and the trend of replacing the original domestic silver in the commercial activity The strong demand of domestic foreign silver has led to the maturity of the commodity economy in the production of silk and tea, and promoted the vigorous development of the overseas trade, and thus led to a strong sea-business class, which can be said, At that time, China was deeply involved in the world economic and trade
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：F832.9;K248
本文編號(hào)：2313924
[Abstract]:in that course of the Ming and the Qing dynasty, the problem of the internal flow of foreign silver in the middle of the Ming and Qing dynasty was discussed as a topic, with the purpose of observing the foreign-silver internal flow in the middle of the Ming dynasty to the middle of the Qing dynasty, and put it in the view of the world's economic contact between 1600 and 1840. And from the angle of China's social and economic structure, it is a thorough and comprehensive study on the role of the external silver that is circulated in China. In this research subject, it is not enough to study how the external silver flows into the country, and the amount of silver flowing into the country is not enough. The key is to see their impact on the domestic economy and the role in the globalization. As the whole of the history is more than the sum of the parts, each part is not only affected by other parts but also on what has occurred throughout the world system. We can't understand and predict what happens in Asia when something happens in Europe and the Americas, and on the other hand, we can't imagine whether an event from one place will affect any other region, that is, the dynamics and structure of the entire world system. The large-scale input of external silver has three channels, namely, the influx of the sea silk road in Manila as the center and the silver in the Americas; the China-Japan trade and the Japanese silver entering China as the center of Nagasaki; and the Western trade and the outside as the center of Macao The inner flow of silver. The historical period, the Spanish big sailing boat, the Chinese sea boat, the Japanese merchant ship shuttle to and from the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Yellow Sea and the South China Sea, constitute a large-scale silk tea and silver trade global a business network. And so there are a wide variety of foreign silver In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China and Japan adopted two ways of direct trade and indirect trade, from day to day This input is a large amount of silver. The silver in Japan is mainly input through three channels: the first channel is the Portuguese-controlled Macau and China and Japan in the 1960s; the second is the Dutch East Indian company and Japan, which was set up in 1602 The trade; the third channel, the direct trade between China and Japan, including the official tribute trade and the middle of the Ming Dynasty In the face of a large influx of foreign silver, a large influx of foreign silver, with a view of the wild and up-to-the-eye view, has the idea of strengthening the central finance by resisting foreign silver as a representative, such as the king, the State of the Republic of China, and Luvish. It is considered that only through the arrangement and provision of the State, it will be possible to deal with it. As a result, there are the social problems brought about by the commodity economy, such as Zhang Yi, Song Yingxing, Gu Yanwu, Huang Zongxi, Lu Shiyi, etc., and they affirmed the role and position of the state in the economic development, and stressed the importance of the civil economic power. The use of silver to make up for the deficiency of the copper money and promote the development of the economy; it also has the trade-off monetary policy of the representative, Feng Menglong, Chen Zilong and the representative, and it is considered that the state and the folk power are equally important, both of which are mutually exclusive To solve the problems caused by the base of silver and silver, foreign silver, which is in urgent need of the large inflow of silver in the country, will undoubtedly have a positive impact on the Chinese social economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially in areas with high commodity economy such as the Yangtze River and the Pearl River Delta. in that field of commodity circulation at that time, it is possible to see that the foreign silver has been widely used, because the weight is easy to set, it is convenient to carry, and the trend of replacing the original domestic silver in the commercial activity The strong demand of domestic foreign silver has led to the maturity of the commodity economy in the production of silk and tea, and promoted the vigorous development of the overseas trade, and thus led to a strong sea-business class, which can be said, At that time, China was deeply involved in the world economic and trade
【學(xué)位授予單位】：復(fù)旦大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：F832.9;K248
【引證文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前2條
1 孟凡勝;明清徽州水利社會(huì)幾個(gè)問(wèn)題的研究[D];安徽大學(xué);2013年
2 馬良;明清時(shí)期白銀貨幣泛化研究（16-19世紀(jì)中葉）[D];遼寧大學(xué);2013年
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前3條
1 蔡小平;明代洪武永樂(lè)時(shí)期的荒政與鈔法[D];江西師范大學(xué);2011年
2 鄭俊榮;萬(wàn)歷時(shí)期援朝抗倭戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)前后明與朝鮮流通的銀[D];黑龍江大學(xué);2012年
3 韓麗華;20世紀(jì)以來(lái)中國(guó)大陸的一條鞭法研究[D];東北師范大學(xué);2012年
本文編號(hào)：2313924
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