清代中原地區(qū)農業(yè)經濟與社會發(fā)展研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-25 12:09
【摘要】：清代是中國歷史上最后一個封建王朝,它上承明代下至民國,對于華夏文化的歷史傳承與經濟發(fā)展做出過巨大貢獻。特別是清代中原地區(qū)的農業(yè)技術革新、多元經濟結構與社會和諧穩(wěn)定,深刻影響著這個封建王朝的政權統(tǒng)治。清代中原地區(qū)的農業(yè)經濟發(fā)展,主要體現在農作物種類多樣、手工業(yè)技術發(fā)達和集市貿易繁榮等幾個方面。它們之間相互影響彼此滲透,從農業(yè)經濟的一個側面,可以反映出清代中原地區(qū)的社會繁華和民眾富庶的昌盛景象。中原地區(qū)能夠形成如此特有的農業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境,與自然因素存在密不可分的關系。如清代以前黃河河道多次變遷,淮河水系和湖泊澤地的蓄水量,土壤成分、降雨量和氣候波動等等,都與當地的農業(yè)耕作和農作物種類息息相關。尤其是清代一朝氣候變化較大,前期處于短暫的寒冷期,中期氣候相對溫暖,后期又進入寒冷期。在這樣氣候波動頻繁和地區(qū)環(huán)境差異的影響下,形成豫北山地丘陵和山前沖積平原農業(yè)區(qū)、豫東平原農業(yè)區(qū)、豫西山地丘陵農業(yè)區(qū)、南陽盆地農業(yè)區(qū)和豫南農業(yè)區(qū)等五大農業(yè)區(qū)。這些地區(qū)造就的農業(yè)生態(tài)環(huán)境和農作物種類的特殊性,與達爾文提出的“生存競爭、自然選擇”具有非常類似的基本特點。也就是每個地區(qū)都有相對適合的農作物,莊稼是否能夠健康成長與地理環(huán)境、土壤成分、氣候溫度等因素密切相關。正是由于農作物種類與耕作地區(qū)存在明顯的差異性,導致農業(yè)生產工具、生活方式和經濟結構發(fā)生轉變。另一方面,明末清初地方割據戰(zhàn)爭結束以后,清王朝開始高度重視農業(yè)生產。這時期中原地區(qū)的農業(yè)經濟,獲得初步復蘇并逐漸走向繁榮。清王朝實行更名田和地權改革,并招募流民、開墾荒田、與民休息等恢復農業(yè)經濟生產的政治措施,耕地面積開始逐漸增加。清王朝還大力提倡興修水利灌溉農田,促使土地肥沃禾苗吸水量充足,這給農業(yè)豐收提供先決條件。中原地區(qū)的農作物種類,與前代相比出現了明顯變化。比如從國外引種的玉米、甘薯、馬鈴薯的種植面積不斷擴大,花生和煙草等經濟作物日益得到各級官府和民間的高度重視。這時期中原地區(qū)的農業(yè)技術、耕作方式和土壤改良技術逐漸提高,促使農作物品種更加豐富。尤其是農業(yè)生產水平提高以后,帶動了農業(yè)經濟的全面發(fā)展。棉花、芝麻、藍草、煙草等經濟作物,在中原地區(qū)的種植與分布都發(fā)生了很大變化,并出現了一定程度的商品化趨勢。此外,清代中原地區(qū)農業(yè)經濟發(fā)展,也促進了農政管理進一步向制度化邁進。由于明末戰(zhàn)爭造成農業(yè)經濟凋敝,庶民生活陷入極端的貧困境地。清代初年為了恢復農業(yè)生產,清王朝采取了一系列政治措施,這使得清代經濟開始走向復蘇階段。特別是清代中后期實行“攤丁入畝”、“地丁合一”的賦稅制度,正是基于“耕者有其田”與“人地合一”的農業(yè)制度改革,促使農民們高度依賴土地,并奠定農業(yè)收獲和經濟發(fā)展的重要基礎。清代中原地區(qū)的自然災害多發(fā),清王朝實施了不同形式的救災措施,并按照受災地區(qū)的等級劃分,或者根據家庭經濟狀況蠲免漕糧和丁錢糧等賦稅。比如順治三年曾經按照水災程度,減免過祥符和陳留等地的年度賦稅;乾隆八年暫緩征收河南遭受水災地區(qū)的畝錢糧;乾隆四十三年河南遭受自然災害以后,政府開倉借給災民一個月的口糧,甚至還租借給災民銀錢和耕牛等生產生活用品,這些政治措施有利于災害地區(qū)早日恢復農業(yè)生產和庶民們的正常生活。這使得清代中原地區(qū)農業(yè)經濟穩(wěn)步發(fā)展。由于清代中原地區(qū)農業(yè)經濟獲得快速發(fā)展,也給予工商業(yè)和手工業(yè)帶來前所未有的歷史機遇。經濟作物的廣泛種植和畝產量提高,使中原農業(yè)資源進一步優(yōu)化組合,為手工業(yè)迅速發(fā)展提供了經濟基礎和物質保障。清代中原地區(qū)的絲麻業(yè)、棉紡織業(yè)、釀酒業(yè)等手工業(yè),比明代有更大的發(fā)展空間。中原農業(yè)經濟發(fā)展的同時,也促使其它商品貿易走向繁榮�？梢哉f清代中原地區(qū)農業(yè)經濟與社會發(fā)展,給商業(yè)繁榮提供了歷史機遇。清王朝還通過保甲制度,加強對地方基層組織的控制力度。同時民間鄉(xiāng)約也成為治理鄉(xiāng)村的重要輔助手段。清代中原地區(qū)農業(yè)經濟的發(fā)展特色,對于境內人口以及他們的生活觀念都產生深遠影響。清初和清末的經濟危機,促成了官府、民間、宗族三級社會救助體系,對于緩解社會矛盾具有極為重要的政治意義和現實作用。實際上這是中央、地方和民間構成的金字塔式的農業(yè)管理模式,并有效地促進了中原地區(qū)的經濟發(fā)展。因此清代中原地區(qū)農業(yè)經濟能夠獲得穩(wěn)步發(fā)展,是建立在主觀因素與客觀因素相結合的基礎上。盡管清王朝非常關注農業(yè)生產和改善民生民瘼,并出臺了一系列的政策法規(guī)和經濟措施,卻仍然有許多不盡人意的地方,甚至在執(zhí)行的過程中存在并產生很多弊端,但其中的積極意義仍然值得人們客觀總結。
[Abstract]:Qing Dynasty is the last feudal dynasty in Chinese history. It inherited from Ming Dynasty to the Republic of China and made great contributions to the historical inheritance of Chinese culture and economic development. The development of agricultural economy in this region is mainly manifested in the variety of crops, the development of handicraft technology and the prosperity of market trade. They influence each other and penetrate each other. From one aspect of agricultural economy, they can reflect the prosperity of the society and the prosperity of the people in the Central Plains in Qing Dynasty. The special agro-ecological environment is closely related to the natural factors, such as the changes of the Yellow River before the Qing Dynasty, the water storage of the Huaihe River system and the lakes and marshes, the soil composition, rainfall and climate fluctuations, etc., which are closely related to the local agricultural cultivation and crop species. Under the influence of frequent climatic fluctuations and regional environmental differences, five major agricultural regions were formed, namely, the hilly and piedmont alluvial plain agricultural region in northern Henan, the eastern Henan Plain Agricultural region, the hilly and hilly agricultural region in Western Henan, the agricultural region in Nanyang basin and the southern Henan agricultural region. The particularity of the agro-ecological environment and crop species created in these areas is very similar to Darwin's "survival competition, natural selection". That is, each region has relatively suitable crops, whether crops can grow healthily is closely related to geographical environment, soil composition, climate and temperature. On the other hand, the Qing Dynasty began to attach great importance to agricultural production after the end of the local separatist wars in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. The Qing Dynasty also strongly advocated the construction of irrigation farmland by water conservancy, which made the land abundant in water, which provided the preconditions for agricultural harvest. For example, the planting area of maize, sweet potato and potato introduced from abroad is expanding constantly, peanut and tobacco and other cash crops have been paid more and more attention by the government and people at all levels. Cotton, sesame, blue grass, tobacco and other cash crops have undergone great changes in planting and distribution in the Central Plains region, and a certain degree of commercialization trend. In order to restore agricultural production, the Qing Dynasty adopted a series of political measures in the early Qing Dynasty, which made the economy of the Qing Dynasty begin to recover. The tax system of "Ding into Mu" and "Ding into Mu" was based on the reform of the agricultural system of "the tiller has his land" and "man and land in one". Farmers were highly dependent on land and laid an important foundation for agricultural harvest and economic development. For example, in the three years of Shunzhi, according to the degree of flood, the annual taxes of Xiangfu and Chenlu were reduced or exempted; in the eight years of Qianlong, the grain per mu in flood-stricken areas in Henan Province was suspended; and in the forty-third year of Qianlong, after the natural disasters in Henan Province, the tax was exempted. The government opened warehouses to lend the victims a month's rations, and even leased them money and cattle for production and daily necessities. These political measures were conducive to the early restoration of agricultural production and the normal life of the common people in the disaster areas. This made the agricultural economy of the Central Plains region develop steadily in the Qing Dynasty. The widespread planting of cash crops and the increase of yield per mu have further optimized the combination of agricultural resources in the Central Plains and provided economic basis and material guarantee for the rapid development of handicraft industry. It can be said that the agricultural economy and social development in the Qing Dynasty provided a historical opportunity for commercial prosperity. The Qing Dynasty also strengthened the control of local grassroots organizations through the Baojia system. At the same time, the folk conventions also became the governance of the countryside. The economic crisis in the early Qing Dynasty and the end of the Qing Dynasty contributed to the three-level social relief system of the government, the people and the clan, which played an extremely important political and practical role in alleviating social contradictions. It was a pyramid-like agricultural management mode composed of the central government, the local government and the people, and effectively promoted the economic development of the Central Plains. Therefore, the steady development of the agricultural economy in the Central Plains in the Qing Dynasty was based on the combination of subjective and objective factors. People's disease, and issued a series of policies and regulations and economic measures, but there are still many unsatisfactory places, even in the process of implementation and produce many drawbacks, but the positive significance is still worthy of objective summary.
【學位授予單位】：鄭州大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：K249
，
本文編號：2202840
[Abstract]:Qing Dynasty is the last feudal dynasty in Chinese history. It inherited from Ming Dynasty to the Republic of China and made great contributions to the historical inheritance of Chinese culture and economic development. The development of agricultural economy in this region is mainly manifested in the variety of crops, the development of handicraft technology and the prosperity of market trade. They influence each other and penetrate each other. From one aspect of agricultural economy, they can reflect the prosperity of the society and the prosperity of the people in the Central Plains in Qing Dynasty. The special agro-ecological environment is closely related to the natural factors, such as the changes of the Yellow River before the Qing Dynasty, the water storage of the Huaihe River system and the lakes and marshes, the soil composition, rainfall and climate fluctuations, etc., which are closely related to the local agricultural cultivation and crop species. Under the influence of frequent climatic fluctuations and regional environmental differences, five major agricultural regions were formed, namely, the hilly and piedmont alluvial plain agricultural region in northern Henan, the eastern Henan Plain Agricultural region, the hilly and hilly agricultural region in Western Henan, the agricultural region in Nanyang basin and the southern Henan agricultural region. The particularity of the agro-ecological environment and crop species created in these areas is very similar to Darwin's "survival competition, natural selection". That is, each region has relatively suitable crops, whether crops can grow healthily is closely related to geographical environment, soil composition, climate and temperature. On the other hand, the Qing Dynasty began to attach great importance to agricultural production after the end of the local separatist wars in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. The Qing Dynasty also strongly advocated the construction of irrigation farmland by water conservancy, which made the land abundant in water, which provided the preconditions for agricultural harvest. For example, the planting area of maize, sweet potato and potato introduced from abroad is expanding constantly, peanut and tobacco and other cash crops have been paid more and more attention by the government and people at all levels. Cotton, sesame, blue grass, tobacco and other cash crops have undergone great changes in planting and distribution in the Central Plains region, and a certain degree of commercialization trend. In order to restore agricultural production, the Qing Dynasty adopted a series of political measures in the early Qing Dynasty, which made the economy of the Qing Dynasty begin to recover. The tax system of "Ding into Mu" and "Ding into Mu" was based on the reform of the agricultural system of "the tiller has his land" and "man and land in one". Farmers were highly dependent on land and laid an important foundation for agricultural harvest and economic development. For example, in the three years of Shunzhi, according to the degree of flood, the annual taxes of Xiangfu and Chenlu were reduced or exempted; in the eight years of Qianlong, the grain per mu in flood-stricken areas in Henan Province was suspended; and in the forty-third year of Qianlong, after the natural disasters in Henan Province, the tax was exempted. The government opened warehouses to lend the victims a month's rations, and even leased them money and cattle for production and daily necessities. These political measures were conducive to the early restoration of agricultural production and the normal life of the common people in the disaster areas. This made the agricultural economy of the Central Plains region develop steadily in the Qing Dynasty. The widespread planting of cash crops and the increase of yield per mu have further optimized the combination of agricultural resources in the Central Plains and provided economic basis and material guarantee for the rapid development of handicraft industry. It can be said that the agricultural economy and social development in the Qing Dynasty provided a historical opportunity for commercial prosperity. The Qing Dynasty also strengthened the control of local grassroots organizations through the Baojia system. At the same time, the folk conventions also became the governance of the countryside. The economic crisis in the early Qing Dynasty and the end of the Qing Dynasty contributed to the three-level social relief system of the government, the people and the clan, which played an extremely important political and practical role in alleviating social contradictions. It was a pyramid-like agricultural management mode composed of the central government, the local government and the people, and effectively promoted the economic development of the Central Plains. Therefore, the steady development of the agricultural economy in the Central Plains in the Qing Dynasty was based on the combination of subjective and objective factors. People's disease, and issued a series of policies and regulations and economic measures, but there are still many unsatisfactory places, even in the process of implementation and produce many drawbacks, but the positive significance is still worthy of objective summary.
【學位授予單位】：鄭州大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：K249
，
本文編號：2202840
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