【摘要】： 本文從中國(guó)古代地理學(xué)原本的知識(shí)體系出發(fā),分別從觀念、體系和知識(shí)興趣三個(gè)方面勾勒了宋代地理學(xué)發(fā)展的基本面貌。 首先,通過(guò)對(duì)宋代書目和類書的系統(tǒng)梳理,我們認(rèn)為宋代地理學(xué)觀念,在總體上表現(xiàn)出了明顯的地理學(xué)學(xué)科意識(shí)。就書目而言,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),宋人對(duì)地理學(xué)的觀念性規(guī)定沿著疆域地理的路徑前進(jìn)。與此相伴隨的是,《山海經(jīng)》所代表的古代地理學(xué)傳統(tǒng)開始逐漸被有意識(shí)地淡化。最為引人注目的是,南宋初年,鄭樵對(duì)地理學(xué)所做的分類,構(gòu)成了一幅兩宋之際,具有濃郁學(xué)科意識(shí)(專門之學(xué))的地理學(xué)景觀。 而在類書的分類中,從北宋前期開始,由山、水等自然名詞、概念組成的“地”和由“州郡”構(gòu)成的疆域地理漸次被納入具有明確地理學(xué)觀念的“地理”部類名下,從而構(gòu)成一套比較完整的地理知識(shí)體系。在分類實(shí)踐中,地理-輿地-州郡的概念與范圍日趨明確,層次逐漸分明。尤其是謝維新以“輿地提綱”的名義,對(duì)山川、道路等具體地理對(duì)象的地理學(xué)意味進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)闡述,是宋代地理學(xué)觀念發(fā)展的集中表現(xiàn)。總體上,地理部類內(nèi)部知識(shí)的同一性增強(qiáng)的過(guò)程中,外部的相異性也得到了加強(qiáng)。 其次,本文從文獻(xiàn)撰述性質(zhì)、技術(shù)傳統(tǒng)等角度考察了宋代王朝地理學(xué)體系的演變。認(rèn)為,閏年圖和圖經(jīng),作為地方定期搜集并上報(bào)中央的兩種不同形式的王朝地理檔案,在北宋中后期就逐漸停廢,向由地方官組織,或士大夫私撰的州縣地理著述過(guò)渡。至于南宋,成為風(fēng)尚。雖然其中相當(dāng)一部分繼承了北宋圖經(jīng)的體例,但是成書的方式已經(jīng)發(fā)生了很大變化,不再上報(bào)中央,也不再以檔案的形式保存和管理,而是以著述的形式流傳,并成為地方政治與文化的一種象征。另一方面,在定期的閏年地圖之外,綿密的公務(wù)地圖測(cè)繪奏報(bào)體系,和大量普通測(cè)繪官僚的工作,不僅形成了一套行之有效的空間統(tǒng)治技術(shù),更有力地推進(jìn)了宋代地圖測(cè)繪技術(shù)的發(fā)展,成為沈括等人編繪天下輿圖和總結(jié)地圖學(xué)理論的基礎(chǔ)。尤為突出的是,北宋朝廷積極修纂各類天下地理圖籍,不斷構(gòu)筑新的天下形象,并形成了固定的修篡機(jī)構(gòu),一度成為中央政治權(quán)力的一個(gè)重要舞臺(tái),隨著兩宋之際政治地理局勢(shì)的改變,至于南宋似乎突然陷入停頓,地方取代中央,成為王朝地理資料搜集與編撰的主體。 而在面向外部的王朝地理探索中,兩宋時(shí)代所面臨的政治地理局勢(shì),對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)地理學(xué)的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了直接而顯著的影響。如界至勘會(huì)突破了以“五服”為核心的古典政治地理觀念,發(fā)展了一套邊界劃分的原則和人文空間的地理表示方法。因使節(jié)往還,而產(chǎn)生的大量奉使語(yǔ)錄或詩(shī)歌等,記錄了當(dāng)時(shí)最新的與國(guó)地理資料,而更有價(jià)值的是,頻繁的奉使旅行開闊了當(dāng)時(shí)學(xué)者的地理視野,深化了對(duì)北方自然與人文地理的認(rèn)識(shí),促進(jìn)了地理學(xué)知識(shí)的累積。而士大夫?qū)Ｍ庵R(shí)的積極態(tài)度,則使那些隨海外貿(mào)易而來(lái)的世界知識(shí),得以從零碎的片段轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛袟l理的系統(tǒng)知識(shí),并逐漸形成比較完整而客觀的海外世界觀念。 本文的第三部分,則站在宋代學(xué)術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)地理學(xué)知識(shí)興趣的發(fā)展進(jìn)行了深入的討論。認(rèn)為,在北宋時(shí)代,受河患頻仍的影響,學(xué)者對(duì)于《禹貢》的認(rèn)識(shí)多集中于“水學(xué)”。至于南宋,隨著政治與學(xué)術(shù)形勢(shì)的變化,《禹貢》之學(xué)逐漸擺脫經(jīng)學(xué)的束縛,尤其在朱熹、程大昌的努力下,經(jīng)過(guò)歸納與總結(jié),形成一套持之有據(jù),行之有效的地理考證理論與方法,為士大夫所易于實(shí)踐,將囿于經(jīng)典傳注的《禹貢》學(xué)導(dǎo)入地理學(xué)專題研究的時(shí)代。 而在地理著述方面,宋人熱心于撰述各種當(dāng)代地理著述,同時(shí)歷史地理考證蔚然成風(fēng),好為名山福地之書。最引人注目的是,兩宋時(shí)代的學(xué)者對(duì)于自然有著十分濃厚的興趣,不僅審美性自然觀發(fā)達(dá),更能夠積極地從客觀合理的角度思考、解釋各種自然現(xiàn)象,甚至通過(guò)長(zhǎng)期的經(jīng)驗(yàn)觀測(cè)進(jìn)行實(shí)證,這在當(dāng)時(shí)的士大夫中并不是偶然的現(xiàn)象,而是一種比較普遍的狀態(tài),余靖等人的潮汐論和沈括杰出的科學(xué)成就是這一知識(shí)興趣的產(chǎn)物。值得重視的是,在宋代理學(xué)格物思想的影響下,觀察并記錄各種自然與地理現(xiàn)象成為當(dāng)時(shí)日記體的必備項(xiàng)目。 通過(guò)上述考察,我們認(rèn)為在當(dāng)時(shí)學(xué)術(shù)與政治背景下,宋代地理學(xué)在實(shí)踐領(lǐng)域取得了巨大的發(fā)展和繁榮,但是在認(rèn)識(shí)領(lǐng)域同時(shí)也發(fā)生了很大的變化。王朝地理學(xué)開始日益沿著以記錄疆域變遷為核心的方向發(fā)展;地理學(xué)中地方與地點(diǎn)表示的數(shù)量傳統(tǒng)逐漸削弱,文學(xué)與歷史認(rèn)同的表示方法得到迅速的發(fā)展,并日益占據(jù)統(tǒng)治地位;學(xué)者逐漸將地理學(xué)當(dāng)做專門之學(xué)看待,但是與這個(gè)過(guò)程相伴隨的是地理學(xué)的人文化方向發(fā)展;而蓬勃發(fā)展的對(duì)自然的知識(shí)興趣,雖然在一定程度上曾經(jīng)將經(jīng)驗(yàn)實(shí)證方法帶入了地理學(xué)之中,但是它并沒有成為知識(shí)的潮流,更沒有能夠改變認(rèn)識(shí)自然的基本方法。因此宋代地理學(xué)所取得的繁榮并沒有讓中國(guó)古代地理學(xué)取得突破性的進(jìn)展,換句話說(shuō),地理學(xué)不是一個(gè)可以孤立發(fā)展的學(xué)科。
[Abstract]:Starting from the original knowledge system of ancient Chinese geography, this paper outlines the basic outlook of the development of Geography in Song Dynasty from three aspects: concept, system and interest in knowledge.
Firstly, by systematically combing the bibliographies and classified books of the Song Dynasty, we think that the concept of Geography in the Song Dynasty has shown a clear sense of geography as a whole. Most notably, Zheng Qiao's classification of Geography in the early Southern Song Dynasty constituted a geographic landscape with a strong sense of discipline (specialty).
In the classification of classified books, from the early Northern Song Dynasty, the concept of "land" and "prefecture" composed of natural terms such as mountains and rivers were gradually incorporated into the category of "geography" with clear geographical concepts, thus forming a relatively complete set of geographical knowledge system. Especially in the name of "Geographical Outline", Xie Weixin systematically expounded the geographical implications of specific geographical objects such as mountains, rivers and roads, which was the concentrated expression of the development of geographical concepts in the Song Dynasty. The opposite sex has also been strengthened.
Secondly, this paper examines the evolution of the Song Dynasty's geographic system from the perspectives of the nature of documentation and the tradition of technology. As for the Southern Song Dynasty, it became fashionable. Although quite a few of them inherited the style of the Northern Song Dynasty, the way of writing books had changed greatly. They were no longer reported to the central government, nor kept and managed in the form of archives. Instead, they were circulated in the form of writings and became a symbol of local politics and culture. In addition to regular leap year maps, the meticulous system of Surveying and mapping and the work of a large number of ordinary surveying and mapping bureaucrats not only formed a set of effective space domination techniques, but also promoted the development of mapping technology in Song Dynasty, and became the basis for Shen Kuo and other people to compile and draw world maps and summarize the theory of cartography. Out of this, the Northern Song Dynasty actively compiled all kinds of maps and books of the world's geography, constantly constructed a new image of the world, and formed a fixed repair and usurpation organization, which once became an important stage of the central political power. With the change of the political and geographical situation between the two Song Dynasties, the Southern Song Dynasty seemed suddenly to be in a standstill, and the local government replaced the central government and became the geographic capital of the Dynasty The main body of material collection and compilation.
The political geography situation faced by the Song Dynasty had a direct and significant impact on the development of geography at that time. For example, Jiezhijian Association broke through the classical political geography concept with "five clothes" as the core, and developed a set of boundary division principles and geographical representation of human space. A large number of ambassadorial quotations or poems produced by the return of envoys recorded the latest geographic data at that time. What is more valuable is that frequent ambassadorial travel broadened the geographic horizons of scholars at that time, deepened the understanding of northern natural and human geography, and promoted the accumulation of geographical knowledge. Attitude, on the other hand, transforms the world knowledge that comes with overseas trade from fragments to systematic knowledge, and gradually forms a more complete and objective concept of the overseas world.
In the third part of this paper, on the basis of the Song Dynasty's academic research, the author makes a thorough discussion on the development of the interest in geography knowledge.He holds that in the Northern Song Dynasty, influenced by the frequent flooding of rivers, scholars'understanding of Yugong was mostly concentrated on "water science". As for the Southern Song Dynasty, with the change of political and academic situation, Yugong gradually got rid of Confucianism. Especially under the efforts of Zhu Xi and Cheng Dachang, a set of well-founded and effective theories and methods of geographic textual research have been formed, which are easy to be practiced by scholar-bureaucrats and will be confined to the era of introducing the classical Yugong study into the special study of geography.
The most striking thing is that scholars in the Song Dynasty were very interested in nature, not only the aesthetic view of nature was developed, but also the objective and reasonable view of nature was more active. Interpretation of various natural phenomena, even through long-term empirical observation, was not an accidental phenomenon among the scholar-bureaucrats at that time, but a relatively common state. Yu Jing's tidal theory and Shen Kuo's outstanding scientific achievements were the product of this interest in knowledge. Observing and recording all kinds of natural and geographical phenomena became the necessary items of the diary body at that time.
Through the above investigation, we think that under the academic and political background, Song Dynasty geography has made great progress and prosperity in the field of practice, but great changes have taken place in the field of cognition. Quantitative traditions are weakening, and literary and historical identities are developing rapidly and occupying a dominant position; scholars are treating geography as a specialized subject, but this process is accompanied by the development of the humanistic orientation of geography; and the flourishing interest in natural knowledge, to a certain extent. Empirical method has been introduced into geography, but it has not become a trend of knowledge, nor can it change the basic method of understanding nature. Therefore, the prosperity of Geography in the Song Dynasty did not make a breakthrough in ancient China's geography, in other words, geography is not an isolated subject.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2008
【分類號(hào)】：K244;K90

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前2條

1 潘晟;;南宋州郡志:地方官、士人、縉紳的政治與文化舞臺(tái)[J];史學(xué)史研究;2009年04期

2 潘晟;;圖經(jīng)源流再討論[J];中國(guó)地方志;2010年01期

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 杜芝明;宋朝邊疆地理思想研究[D];西南大學(xué);2011年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 王洪芳;宋代對(duì)東南亞諸國(guó)的認(rèn)識(shí)[D];上海師范大學(xué);2011年

2 岳娜;宦游如夢(mèng)記平生[D];北京大學(xué);2012年

，

本文編號(hào)：2200648