宋代地理學的觀念、體系與知識興趣
發(fā)布時間：2018-08-24 11:14
【摘要】： 本文從中國古代地理學原本的知識體系出發(fā),分別從觀念、體系和知識興趣三個方面勾勒了宋代地理學發(fā)展的基本面貌。 首先,通過對宋代書目和類書的系統(tǒng)梳理,我們認為宋代地理學觀念,在總體上表現(xiàn)出了明顯的地理學學科意識。就書目而言,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),宋人對地理學的觀念性規(guī)定沿著疆域地理的路徑前進。與此相伴隨的是,《山海經(jīng)》所代表的古代地理學傳統(tǒng)開始逐漸被有意識地淡化。最為引人注目的是,南宋初年,鄭樵對地理學所做的分類,構(gòu)成了一幅兩宋之際,具有濃郁學科意識(專門之學)的地理學景觀。 而在類書的分類中,從北宋前期開始,由山、水等自然名詞、概念組成的“地”和由“州郡”構(gòu)成的疆域地理漸次被納入具有明確地理學觀念的“地理”部類名下,從而構(gòu)成一套比較完整的地理知識體系。在分類實踐中,地理-輿地-州郡的概念與范圍日趨明確,層次逐漸分明。尤其是謝維新以“輿地提綱”的名義,對山川、道路等具體地理對象的地理學意味進行了系統(tǒng)闡述,是宋代地理學觀念發(fā)展的集中表現(xiàn)�？傮w上,地理部類內(nèi)部知識的同一性增強的過程中,外部的相異性也得到了加強。 其次,本文從文獻撰述性質(zhì)、技術傳統(tǒng)等角度考察了宋代王朝地理學體系的演變。認為,閏年圖和圖經(jīng),作為地方定期搜集并上報中央的兩種不同形式的王朝地理檔案,在北宋中后期就逐漸停廢,向由地方官組織,或士大夫私撰的州縣地理著述過渡。至于南宋,成為風尚。雖然其中相當一部分繼承了北宋圖經(jīng)的體例,但是成書的方式已經(jīng)發(fā)生了很大變化,不再上報中央,也不再以檔案的形式保存和管理,而是以著述的形式流傳,并成為地方政治與文化的一種象征。另一方面,在定期的閏年地圖之外,綿密的公務地圖測繪奏報體系,和大量普通測繪官僚的工作,不僅形成了一套行之有效的空間統(tǒng)治技術,更有力地推進了宋代地圖測繪技術的發(fā)展,成為沈括等人編繪天下輿圖和總結(jié)地圖學理論的基礎。尤為突出的是,北宋朝廷積極修纂各類天下地理圖籍,不斷構(gòu)筑新的天下形象,并形成了固定的修篡機構(gòu),一度成為中央政治權(quán)力的一個重要舞臺,隨著兩宋之際政治地理局勢的改變,至于南宋似乎突然陷入停頓,地方取代中央,成為王朝地理資料搜集與編撰的主體。 而在面向外部的王朝地理探索中,兩宋時代所面臨的政治地理局勢,對當時地理學的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了直接而顯著的影響。如界至勘會突破了以“五服”為核心的古典政治地理觀念,發(fā)展了一套邊界劃分的原則和人文空間的地理表示方法。因使節(jié)往還,而產(chǎn)生的大量奉使語錄或詩歌等,記錄了當時最新的與國地理資料,而更有價值的是,頻繁的奉使旅行開闊了當時學者的地理視野,深化了對北方自然與人文地理的認識,促進了地理學知識的累積。而士大夫?qū)Ｍ庵R的積極態(tài)度,則使那些隨海外貿(mào)易而來的世界知識,得以從零碎的片段轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛袟l理的系統(tǒng)知識,并逐漸形成比較完整而客觀的海外世界觀念。 本文的第三部分,則站在宋代學術的基礎上,對地理學知識興趣的發(fā)展進行了深入的討論。認為,在北宋時代,受河患頻仍的影響,學者對于《禹貢》的認識多集中于“水學”。至于南宋,隨著政治與學術形勢的變化,《禹貢》之學逐漸擺脫經(jīng)學的束縛,尤其在朱熹、程大昌的努力下,經(jīng)過歸納與總結(jié),形成一套持之有據(jù),行之有效的地理考證理論與方法,為士大夫所易于實踐,將囿于經(jīng)典傳注的《禹貢》學導入地理學專題研究的時代。 而在地理著述方面,宋人熱心于撰述各種當代地理著述,同時歷史地理考證蔚然成風,好為名山福地之書。最引人注目的是,兩宋時代的學者對于自然有著十分濃厚的興趣,不僅審美性自然觀發(fā)達,更能夠積極地從客觀合理的角度思考、解釋各種自然現(xiàn)象,甚至通過長期的經(jīng)驗觀測進行實證,這在當時的士大夫中并不是偶然的現(xiàn)象,而是一種比較普遍的狀態(tài),余靖等人的潮汐論和沈括杰出的科學成就是這一知識興趣的產(chǎn)物。值得重視的是,在宋代理學格物思想的影響下,觀察并記錄各種自然與地理現(xiàn)象成為當時日記體的必備項目。 通過上述考察,我們認為在當時學術與政治背景下,宋代地理學在實踐領域取得了巨大的發(fā)展和繁榮,但是在認識領域同時也發(fā)生了很大的變化。王朝地理學開始日益沿著以記錄疆域變遷為核心的方向發(fā)展;地理學中地方與地點表示的數(shù)量傳統(tǒng)逐漸削弱,文學與歷史認同的表示方法得到迅速的發(fā)展,并日益占據(jù)統(tǒng)治地位;學者逐漸將地理學當做專門之學看待,但是與這個過程相伴隨的是地理學的人文化方向發(fā)展;而蓬勃發(fā)展的對自然的知識興趣,雖然在一定程度上曾經(jīng)將經(jīng)驗實證方法帶入了地理學之中,但是它并沒有成為知識的潮流,更沒有能夠改變認識自然的基本方法。因此宋代地理學所取得的繁榮并沒有讓中國古代地理學取得突破性的進展,換句話說,地理學不是一個可以孤立發(fā)展的學科。
[Abstract]:Starting from the original knowledge system of ancient Chinese geography, this paper outlines the basic outlook of the development of Geography in Song Dynasty from three aspects: concept, system and interest in knowledge.
Firstly, by systematically combing the bibliographies and classified books of the Song Dynasty, we think that the concept of Geography in the Song Dynasty has shown a clear sense of geography as a whole. Most notably, Zheng Qiao's classification of Geography in the early Southern Song Dynasty constituted a geographic landscape with a strong sense of discipline (specialty).
In the classification of classified books, from the early Northern Song Dynasty, the concept of "land" and "prefecture" composed of natural terms such as mountains and rivers were gradually incorporated into the category of "geography" with clear geographical concepts, thus forming a relatively complete set of geographical knowledge system. Especially in the name of "Geographical Outline", Xie Weixin systematically expounded the geographical implications of specific geographical objects such as mountains, rivers and roads, which was the concentrated expression of the development of geographical concepts in the Song Dynasty. The opposite sex has also been strengthened.
Secondly, this paper examines the evolution of the Song Dynasty's geographic system from the perspectives of the nature of documentation and the tradition of technology. As for the Southern Song Dynasty, it became fashionable. Although quite a few of them inherited the style of the Northern Song Dynasty, the way of writing books had changed greatly. They were no longer reported to the central government, nor kept and managed in the form of archives. Instead, they were circulated in the form of writings and became a symbol of local politics and culture. In addition to regular leap year maps, the meticulous system of Surveying and mapping and the work of a large number of ordinary surveying and mapping bureaucrats not only formed a set of effective space domination techniques, but also promoted the development of mapping technology in Song Dynasty, and became the basis for Shen Kuo and other people to compile and draw world maps and summarize the theory of cartography. Out of this, the Northern Song Dynasty actively compiled all kinds of maps and books of the world's geography, constantly constructed a new image of the world, and formed a fixed repair and usurpation organization, which once became an important stage of the central political power. With the change of the political and geographical situation between the two Song Dynasties, the Southern Song Dynasty seemed suddenly to be in a standstill, and the local government replaced the central government and became the geographic capital of the Dynasty The main body of material collection and compilation.
The political geography situation faced by the Song Dynasty had a direct and significant impact on the development of geography at that time. For example, Jiezhijian Association broke through the classical political geography concept with "five clothes" as the core, and developed a set of boundary division principles and geographical representation of human space. A large number of ambassadorial quotations or poems produced by the return of envoys recorded the latest geographic data at that time. What is more valuable is that frequent ambassadorial travel broadened the geographic horizons of scholars at that time, deepened the understanding of northern natural and human geography, and promoted the accumulation of geographical knowledge. Attitude, on the other hand, transforms the world knowledge that comes with overseas trade from fragments to systematic knowledge, and gradually forms a more complete and objective concept of the overseas world.
In the third part of this paper, on the basis of the Song Dynasty's academic research, the author makes a thorough discussion on the development of the interest in geography knowledge.He holds that in the Northern Song Dynasty, influenced by the frequent flooding of rivers, scholars'understanding of Yugong was mostly concentrated on "water science". As for the Southern Song Dynasty, with the change of political and academic situation, Yugong gradually got rid of Confucianism. Especially under the efforts of Zhu Xi and Cheng Dachang, a set of well-founded and effective theories and methods of geographic textual research have been formed, which are easy to be practiced by scholar-bureaucrats and will be confined to the era of introducing the classical Yugong study into the special study of geography.
The most striking thing is that scholars in the Song Dynasty were very interested in nature, not only the aesthetic view of nature was developed, but also the objective and reasonable view of nature was more active. Interpretation of various natural phenomena, even through long-term empirical observation, was not an accidental phenomenon among the scholar-bureaucrats at that time, but a relatively common state. Yu Jing's tidal theory and Shen Kuo's outstanding scientific achievements were the product of this interest in knowledge. Observing and recording all kinds of natural and geographical phenomena became the necessary items of the diary body at that time.
Through the above investigation, we think that under the academic and political background, Song Dynasty geography has made great progress and prosperity in the field of practice, but great changes have taken place in the field of cognition. Quantitative traditions are weakening, and literary and historical identities are developing rapidly and occupying a dominant position; scholars are treating geography as a specialized subject, but this process is accompanied by the development of the humanistic orientation of geography; and the flourishing interest in natural knowledge, to a certain extent. Empirical method has been introduced into geography, but it has not become a trend of knowledge, nor can it change the basic method of understanding nature. Therefore, the prosperity of Geography in the Song Dynasty did not make a breakthrough in ancient China's geography, in other words, geography is not an isolated subject.
【學位授予單位】：北京大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K244;K90
本文編號：2200648
[Abstract]:Starting from the original knowledge system of ancient Chinese geography, this paper outlines the basic outlook of the development of Geography in Song Dynasty from three aspects: concept, system and interest in knowledge.
Firstly, by systematically combing the bibliographies and classified books of the Song Dynasty, we think that the concept of Geography in the Song Dynasty has shown a clear sense of geography as a whole. Most notably, Zheng Qiao's classification of Geography in the early Southern Song Dynasty constituted a geographic landscape with a strong sense of discipline (specialty).
In the classification of classified books, from the early Northern Song Dynasty, the concept of "land" and "prefecture" composed of natural terms such as mountains and rivers were gradually incorporated into the category of "geography" with clear geographical concepts, thus forming a relatively complete set of geographical knowledge system. Especially in the name of "Geographical Outline", Xie Weixin systematically expounded the geographical implications of specific geographical objects such as mountains, rivers and roads, which was the concentrated expression of the development of geographical concepts in the Song Dynasty. The opposite sex has also been strengthened.
Secondly, this paper examines the evolution of the Song Dynasty's geographic system from the perspectives of the nature of documentation and the tradition of technology. As for the Southern Song Dynasty, it became fashionable. Although quite a few of them inherited the style of the Northern Song Dynasty, the way of writing books had changed greatly. They were no longer reported to the central government, nor kept and managed in the form of archives. Instead, they were circulated in the form of writings and became a symbol of local politics and culture. In addition to regular leap year maps, the meticulous system of Surveying and mapping and the work of a large number of ordinary surveying and mapping bureaucrats not only formed a set of effective space domination techniques, but also promoted the development of mapping technology in Song Dynasty, and became the basis for Shen Kuo and other people to compile and draw world maps and summarize the theory of cartography. Out of this, the Northern Song Dynasty actively compiled all kinds of maps and books of the world's geography, constantly constructed a new image of the world, and formed a fixed repair and usurpation organization, which once became an important stage of the central political power. With the change of the political and geographical situation between the two Song Dynasties, the Southern Song Dynasty seemed suddenly to be in a standstill, and the local government replaced the central government and became the geographic capital of the Dynasty The main body of material collection and compilation.
The political geography situation faced by the Song Dynasty had a direct and significant impact on the development of geography at that time. For example, Jiezhijian Association broke through the classical political geography concept with "five clothes" as the core, and developed a set of boundary division principles and geographical representation of human space. A large number of ambassadorial quotations or poems produced by the return of envoys recorded the latest geographic data at that time. What is more valuable is that frequent ambassadorial travel broadened the geographic horizons of scholars at that time, deepened the understanding of northern natural and human geography, and promoted the accumulation of geographical knowledge. Attitude, on the other hand, transforms the world knowledge that comes with overseas trade from fragments to systematic knowledge, and gradually forms a more complete and objective concept of the overseas world.
In the third part of this paper, on the basis of the Song Dynasty's academic research, the author makes a thorough discussion on the development of the interest in geography knowledge.He holds that in the Northern Song Dynasty, influenced by the frequent flooding of rivers, scholars'understanding of Yugong was mostly concentrated on "water science". As for the Southern Song Dynasty, with the change of political and academic situation, Yugong gradually got rid of Confucianism. Especially under the efforts of Zhu Xi and Cheng Dachang, a set of well-founded and effective theories and methods of geographic textual research have been formed, which are easy to be practiced by scholar-bureaucrats and will be confined to the era of introducing the classical Yugong study into the special study of geography.
The most striking thing is that scholars in the Song Dynasty were very interested in nature, not only the aesthetic view of nature was developed, but also the objective and reasonable view of nature was more active. Interpretation of various natural phenomena, even through long-term empirical observation, was not an accidental phenomenon among the scholar-bureaucrats at that time, but a relatively common state. Yu Jing's tidal theory and Shen Kuo's outstanding scientific achievements were the product of this interest in knowledge. Observing and recording all kinds of natural and geographical phenomena became the necessary items of the diary body at that time.
Through the above investigation, we think that under the academic and political background, Song Dynasty geography has made great progress and prosperity in the field of practice, but great changes have taken place in the field of cognition. Quantitative traditions are weakening, and literary and historical identities are developing rapidly and occupying a dominant position; scholars are treating geography as a specialized subject, but this process is accompanied by the development of the humanistic orientation of geography; and the flourishing interest in natural knowledge, to a certain extent. Empirical method has been introduced into geography, but it has not become a trend of knowledge, nor can it change the basic method of understanding nature. Therefore, the prosperity of Geography in the Song Dynasty did not make a breakthrough in ancient China's geography, in other words, geography is not an isolated subject.
【學位授予單位】：北京大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K244;K90
【引證文獻】
相關期刊論文 前2條
1 潘晟;;南宋州郡志:地方官、士人、縉紳的政治與文化舞臺[J];史學史研究;2009年04期
2 潘晟;;圖經(jīng)源流再討論[J];中國地方志;2010年01期
相關博士學位論文 前1條
1 杜芝明;宋朝邊疆地理思想研究[D];西南大學;2011年
相關碩士學位論文 前2條
1 王洪芳;宋代對東南亞諸國的認識[D];上海師范大學;2011年
2 岳娜;宦游如夢記平生[D];北京大學;2012年
，本文編號：2200648
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